Combining 3D seismics, eyewitness accounts and numerical simulations to reconstruct the 1888 Ritter Island sector collap
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Combining 3D seismics, eyewitness accounts and numerical simulations to reconstruct the 1888 Ritter Island sector collapse and tsunami Jens Karstens1 · Karim Kelfoun2 · Sebastian F. L. Watt3 · Christian Berndt1 Received: 30 August 2019 / Accepted: 19 March 2020 / Published online: 18 April 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The 1888 Ritter Island volcanic sector collapse triggered a regionally damaging tsunami. Historic eyewitness accounts allow the reconstruction of the arrival time, phase and height of the tsunami wave at multiple locations around the coast of New Guinea and New Britain. 3D seismic interpretations and sedimentological analyses indicate that the catastrophic collapse of Ritter Island was preceded by a phase of deep-seated gradual spreading within the volcanic edifice and accompanied by a submarine explosive eruption, as the volcanic conduit was cut beneath sea level. However, the potential impact of the deepseated deformation and the explosive eruption on tsunami genesis is unclear. For the first time, it is possible to parameterise the different components of the Ritter Island collapse with 3D seismic data, and thereby test their relative contributions to the tsunami. The modelled tsunami arrival times and heights are in good agreement with the historic eyewitness accounts. Our simulations reveal that the tsunami was primarily controlled by the displacement of the water column by the collapsing cone at the subaerial-submarine boundary and that the submerged fraction of the slide mass and its mobility had only a minor effect on tsunami genesis. This indicates that the total slide volume, when incorporating the deep-seated deforming mass, is not directly scalable for the resulting tsunami height. Furthermore, the simulations show that the tsunamigenic impact of the explosive eruption energy during the Ritter Island collapse was only minor. However, this relationship may be different for other volcanogenic tsunami events with smaller slide volumes or larger magnitude eruptions, and should not be neglected in tsunami simulations and hazard assessment. Keywords Tsunami simulations · Volcanogenic tsunami genesis · Ritter Island · Volcanic sector collapse
Introduction On December 22, 2018, parts of the southwestern flank of Anak Krakatau collapsed and triggered a tsunami, which killed over 400 people on both sides of the Sunda Strait (Grilli et al. 2019; Gouhier and Paris 2019; Williams et al. 2019). Although numerical simulations demonstrated the tsunami hazard associated with a potential lateral collapse of * Jens Karstens [email protected] 1
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
2
Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand II, Clermont‑Ferrand, France
3
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Anak Krakatau (Giachetti et al. 2012), there were no recognised precursors to the failure of the volcano’s flank in 2018, and tsunami waves struck the coastal populatio
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