Comparative de novo transcriptome analysis of barley varieties with different malting qualities
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Comparative de novo transcriptome analysis of barley varieties with different malting qualities Leona Leišová-Svobodová 1
&
Vratislav Psota 2 & Štěpán Stočes 3 & Petr Vácha 3 & Ladislav Kučera 1
Received: 2 March 2020 / Revised: 22 July 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Barley is one of the most important crops in the world. Barley is used as both food and feed and is important for malt production. Demands for malting quality differ among countries and customs. Malting quality is a complex characteristic involving barley genetics, the environmental conditions during barley growth, and the technological parameters of the malting process. In this study, the hypothesis was that there were no differences between two groups of barley varieties with different but defined malting qualities, which was tested using RNA sequencing during selected stages of malting. In total, 919 differentially transcribed genes between the two barley groups were identified and annotated. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily assigned to gene ontology (GO) terms of oxidation-reduction process - oxidoreductase activity, response to stress, carbohydrate metabolic process, and proteolysis - hydrolase activity, and metal ion binding. Genes connected with the plasma membrane and its integral components also play important roles in malting quality. DEG profiles of selected genes in the three malting stages indicate a complex character of malting quality. Many single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions and deletions (indels) were identified. SNPs and indels with the best quality were used for primer design. After optimization and validation, five molecular markers were developed for use in barley breeding. Keywords Hordeum vulgare . Malting quality . Polymorphism . Differential expression . Molecular markers
Introduction Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the fourth-largest cereal cultivated around the world. Barley is used for feed and in the malting industry. In Central Europe, including the Czech Republic, a significant part of harvested barley is used for malt and beer production. In 2008, “České pivo” (Czech beer) was included in the register of protected geographical indications (PGI) (European Commission 2008). According Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-020-00750-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Leona Leišová-Svobodová [email protected] 1
Crop Research Institute, Drnovská, 507 161 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
2
Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Analytical Testing Laboratory – Malting Institute Brno, Mostecká 971/7, 614 00 Brno, Czech Republic
3
SEQme s.r.o., Dlouhá 176 26301, Dobříš, Czech Republic
to the Official Journal of the European Union, the distinctiveness of the PGI “České pivo” is based on many factors, including the raw materials (malt) and special brewing procedures. The current requirements for the quality of malting barley dictate tha
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