Comparative Study of Cellulose Extraction Processes from Palm Kernel Cake
Palm kernel cake (PKC) is one of palm oil industry by-products which are rich in edible cellulose, which can be used as potential source in food and pharmaceutical industry. The extraction of cellulose from PKC involved essentially delignification and hem
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Abstract Palm kernel cake (PKC) is one of palm oil industry by-products which are rich in edible cellulose, which can be used as potential source in food and pharmaceutical industry. The extraction of cellulose from PKC involved essentially delignification and hemicellulose removal processes. In this study, three delignification and two hemicellulose removal techniques were comparatively investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) with D-optimal design was used for the analysis. In this analysis, delignification techniques, hemicellulose removal techniques, and hemicellulose removal time (HRT) were chosen as process factors, whereas quantity of hemicellulose removal, cellulose yield, and cellulose purity were chosen as process responses. The comparative result obtained in this study shows that the combination of liquid phase oxidation (LPO) of delignification technique and alkali treatment of hemicellulose removal was the best method of cellulose extraction from palm kernel. The result of FTIR spectrum analysis of the cellulose produced in this study was similar to those produced commercially validating the cellulose structure. The optimum cellulose extraction method in this study shows that hemicellulose can be removed up to 24 % with cellulose yield 70 % and purity 77 %. Keywords Response surface methodology Process selection
Delignification Hemicellulose
Y. Y. Farm SM. Anisuzzaman D. Krishnaiah A. Bono (&) School of Engineering and Information Technology, University Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected]
R. Pogaku et al. (eds.), Developments in Sustainable Chemical and Bioprocess Technology, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6208-8_33, Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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Introduction In the recent years, the cellulose demand is growing in the food and chemical industrial applications. Cellulose is biocompatible, renewable, biodegradable, reproducible, and recyclable (Isogai 2001). The unique properties have prompted the development of cellulose in various applications such as smart material in electrical field (Kim et al. 2006), foods, fuel (Kammes et al. 2011), chemicals (Zhang et al. 2011), textile, membrane (Wu and Yuan 2002), and pharmaceuticals (Hoenich 2006). This has incited the research interest on sustainable agricultural residues which are rich in cellulose as alternative resources such as sugar beet pulp, wheat straw, and many other alternative sources. Palm kernel cake (PKC) is one of the abundant by-products obtained from oil palm industries. In Malaysia, about 2.3 million tons of PKC was produced in 2011 (Chu 2011). The abundant and the reasonable content of cellulose are significant to consider PKC as potential resources for cellulose production (Farm et al. 2009). However, separation of cellulose from agriculture resource still constitutes as one of the major obstacles in efficient cellulose utilization in industries. To recover pure cellulose from resources, cross-linkage among cellulose, hemicelluloses, a
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