Antioxidants, Toxicity, and Nitric Oxide Inhibition Properties of Pyroligneous Acid from Palm Kernel Shell Biomass
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Antioxidants, Toxicity, and Nitric Oxide Inhibition Properties of Pyroligneous Acid from Palm Kernel Shell Biomass Khoirun Nisa Mahmud1 · Najihah Mohd. Hashim2 · Farid Nasir Ani3 · Zainul Akmar Zakaria4 Received: 2 March 2019 / Accepted: 16 October 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract Huge volumes of lignocellulosic biomass residues generated from agricultural activities such as oil palm biomass pose great environmental threats if improperly treated. In this study, pyroligneous acid (PA) obtained from slow pyrolysis of palm kernel shell (PKS) were evaluated for its antioxidant activity via chemical assays, toxicity, and potential as anti-inflammatory agent based on nitric oxide (NO) inhibition activity. The PA was extracted using ethyl acetate (EA) and fractionated using column chromatography. Fractions 13–17 that contain highest total phenolic contents (866.84 ± 54.28 µg GAE/mg) were chosen for subsequent studies. Results obtained were as follows; DPPH—75.34 ± 3.40%, TEAC—1346.48 ± 5.29 μg Trolox/ mg, FRAP—11.80 ± 0.41 mmol Fe(II)/mg, hydroxyl radical scavenging—IC50 270.34 ± 4.88 µg/mL, superoxide radical scavenging—IC50 472.32 ± 1.87 µg/mL, cytotoxicity after 24 h at less than 50 µg/mL—cell viability of ≥ 93.08% for RAW 264.7 macrophage cell and anti-inflammatory activity with NO production of 6.55% after 24 h at sample concentration of 25 µg/mL. From the GC–MS analysis, phenols and derivatives were identified as major compound (83.24%) followed by esters (11.23%), and ketones (5.53%). The present of phenolic compounds namely benzene-1,2-diol, catechol (35.01%), 1,3-dimethoxy-2-hydroxybenzene, syringol (23.81%), and other catechol derivatives can be attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities determined. This study has successfully demonstrated the potential use of PA obtained from PKS as alternative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.
* Khoirun Nisa Mahmud [email protected] * Zainul Akmar Zakaria [email protected] 1
Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, 81310 Johor, Malaysia
2
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3
Department of Thermofluid, School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, 81310 Johor, Malaysia
4
Department of Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, 81310 Johor, Malaysia
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Waste and Biomass Valorization
Graphic Abstract
Frac ona on
Pyrolysis
Palm Kernel Shell
Frac on 13-17 (highest TPC)
Pyroligneous Acid
An oxidant Assays
RAW 264.7 Cell
• DPPH Free Radical Scavenging • Trolox Equivalent An oxidant Capacity (TEAC) • Ferric Reducing An oxidant Power (FRAP) • Hydroxyl Free Radical Scavenging • Superoxide Anion Radical Scavenging Toxicity Test
Nitric Oxide Inhibi on
Keywords Pyroligneous acid · Palm kernel shell · Phenolic · Antioxidants · Anti-inflammatory
Statement of Novelty Evalu
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