Comparison of the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils from the Leaves and Flowers of Sambucu
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Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, Vol. 54, No. 5, August, 2020 (Russian Original Vol. 54, No. 5, May, 2020)
COMPARISON OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM THE LEAVES AND FLOWERS OF Sambucus nigra Marcin Szymañski,1,* Marlena Dudek-Makuch,1 Ewa Witkowska-Banaszczak,1 Wies³awa Bylka,1 and Arkadiusz Szymañski2 Original article submitted October 26, 2019. Essential oils of Sambucus nigra were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed using the GC-MS technique, which led to the identification and quantification of 66 components from the leaves and 74 components from the flowers, accounting for 94.0 and 96.4% of the total components, respectively. The main class of compounds present in the leaves were fatty acids and their derivatives: methyl linoleate, palmitic acid, hydrocarbon tritetracontane, and an aromatic compound benzoic aldehyde. In the flowers there were hydrocarbons: tritetracontane and n-hexatriacontane, fatty acids and their derivatives: palmitic acid and linoleic acid, and alcohols: 2-methyl-3,15-octadecadienol and 2-hexyl-1-octanol. Among the dominant components of the essential oil of S. nigra flowers, there were also monoterpenes such as rose oxide, epoxylinalol, while the essential oil of the leaves contained a few compounds of monoterpenes in small amounts such as b-pinene and a-pinene. Antioxidant activity of the obtained essential oils was determined by the FRAP and DPPH assay techniques. Keywords: Sambucus nigra flos, Sambucus nigra folium, essential oil, FRAP, DPPH
antibacterial activity [4]. Elderberry fruits stimulate cytokine production so they exhibit immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Antiviral activity of fruits against influenza A and B has also been described. Elderberry juice was used as weak analgesic to reduce neuralgia, e.g., in sciatica, toothaches and headaches [5 – 7]. The flowers contain compounds from the group of flavonoids, mainly quercetin and isorhamnetin derivatives, as well as terpenes, phenolic acids, tannins, and polysaccharides. Mature Sambuci fructus contains anthocyanins, mainly cyanidin derivatives, flavonoids: quercetin derivatives, vitamins C and B2, folic acid, essential oil, also cyanogenic glucosides in the seeds. Studies of essential oils from raw S. nigra come with articles written in the 1980s. Studies devoted to components of the essential oil from fresh fruits led to detecting 11 compounds (phenylacetaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, buthylacetate, isopentanol, 1-hexanol, acethylfuran, benzaldehyde, benzylalcohol, a-terpineol, ethylacetat, 2-phenylethanol) [8, 9]. Another study revealed the presence of trans-3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-octadien-3-ol, palmitic acid, linalool, cis-hexanol, cis- and trans-rose oxide in essential oils obtained by different methods (steam distilled oil, ethanol concentrate, isopentane extract) [10]. However, there are no data compar-
1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, concerns about public health of the population have stimulated a search for ways to incorporate healthy foods in the diet. These
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