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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Chemical composition and repellent activity of nine medicinal essential oils against Anopheles stephensi, the main malaria vector Mohammad Djaefar Moemenbellah-Fard 1 & Marziae Shahriari-Namadi 1 & Hamid Reza Kelidari 2 & Zahra Bastani Nejad 3 & Hajar Ghasemi 3 & Mahmoud Osanloo 4,5 Received: 9 April 2020 / Accepted: 9 October 2020 # African Association of Insect Scientists 2020

Abstract Adult mosquitoes are the main transmitter for vector-borne diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, and encephalitis. In such diseases, vector control is more accessible and logical than treatment. The use of mosquito repellent is one prevention strategy, especially in endemic areas, to minimize contact with mosquitoes. Essential oils (EO)s based repellents receive more attention as an alternative to chemicals, e.g., N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET); they are suspected of causing toxicity. In this research, ingredients of nine medicinally important EOs, including clove, dill, eucalyptus, lemon, myrtle, orange, peppermint, tarragon, and zingiber, were identified using GC-MS analysis. Their repellent activities at a concentration of 0.5% (v/v) were investigated using the Klun & Debboun method against the primary malaria vector, i.e., Anopheles stephensi. The observed protection times for the EOs were in the range of 1– 63 min. The highest protection time (63 min) was achieved by applying Clove EO (Syzygium aromaticum). It is noted that eugenol’s repellent activity as the major component of clove EO had no significant difference with the total EO. Due to the low price and naturality, the use of EO is preferred over eugenol. In conclusion, Clove EO could be introduced as an excellent candidate for the preparation of green nano/formulation with the repellent effect. Keywords Repellent activity . Essential oil . Anopheles stephensi . Syzygium aromaticum

Introduction Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites; it is responsible for ~405,000 deaths just in 2018 worldwide (Osanloo et al. 2018a;

* Mahmoud Osanloo [email protected]; [email protected] 1

Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Biology and Control of Disease Vectors, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

2

Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

3

Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

4

Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

5

Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

WHO 2020). In addition to periodic fever, patients with malaria usually exhibit nonspecific symptoms such as chills, headache, malaise, and vomiting (Manimaran et al. 2012). Around 500 species of Anopheles mosquitoes have been identified so far, of which about 50 species can transmit malaria (Lupi et al. 2013). Anopheles stephensi,