Comparison of the efficacy of crude methanolic extracts of Cassia occidentalis and Euphorbia hirta with levamisole-HCL a
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Comparison of the efficacy of crude methanolic extracts of Cassia occidentalis and Euphorbia hirta with levamisole-HCL against gastrointestinal nematodes of economic importance to goat production in Uganda Godfrey Nsereko 1 & Patrick Emudong 1 & Joseph Omujal 2 & James Acai 3 & Joseph M. Kungu 3 & Fredrick Kabi 1 & Swidiq Mugerwa 1 & James Bugeza 1 Received: 14 November 2018 / Accepted: 16 May 2019 # Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract Natural compounds from medicinal plants provide safe and sustainable alternatives to synthetic anthelmintics. In this study, we assessed in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of Cassia occidentalis (NH-A) and Euphorbia hirta (NH-B) and compared it with levamisole-HCl. The shoots of NH-A and whole plant of NH-B were used to prepare extracts using 70% methanol which were used in the in vitro and in vivo assays. In vitro assays of crude methanolic extracts (CMEs) of NH-A and NH-B on larvae of mixed gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of goats revealed mortalities of 95.7% (at 100 mg ml−1) and 98.1% (at 50 mgml−1) 24 h postexposure. In vivo assays of NH-A administered orally at doses of 100, 300, 900, and 2700 mg kg−1 bwt revealed dose- and time-dependent anthelmintic effects in goats experimentally infected with mixed species of GINs. NH-B exhibited similar properties when administered at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg kg−1 bwt. Both NH-A (900 mg kg−1 bwt) and levamisole (7.5 mg kg−1 bwt) achieved a 100% reduction in fecal egg count per gram (EPG) on day 21 and day 14 respectively posttreatment. NH-B (400 mg kg−1 bwt) achieved 93.1% and 86.1% reduction in fecal EPG 7 and 14 days postexposure respectively compared with 88.2% and 82.3% reduction with levamisole-HCl 7 and 14 days postexposure. Our results show that extracts of both plants can disrupt helminth lifecycles by suppressing the egg-laying capacity in adult worms but also kill their infective larvae. Future studies should aim at establishing synergies or antagonisms between the two plant extracts and further development for control of helminths in goats. Keywords Helminths . Natural products . Agro-ecological zones . Cassia occidentalis . Euphorbia hirta
Introduction Globally, goat production is constrained by helminth infections especially, gastrointestinal nematodes (Bharwad et al. 2015; Nabukenya et al. 2014). Currently, control measures mainly involve treatment with synthetic anthelmintics such
* James Bugeza [email protected] 1
National Livestock Resources Research Institute, P.O. Box 5704, Kampala, Uganda
2
Central Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda
3
College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
as levamisole, ivermectin, and albendazole. However, the development of anthelmintic resistance and the persistence of residues in animal products necessitate research for alternative options such as use of natural products (Fomum and Nsahlai 2017). Medicinal plants with anthelmintic prope
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