Comprehensive Application of Graphene: Emphasis on Biomedical Concerns
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REVIEW
Cite as Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11:6 Received: 1 November 2018 Accepted: 25 December 2018 © The Author(s) 2019
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0237-5
Comprehensive Application of Graphene: Emphasis on Biomedical Concerns S. Syama1, P. V. Mohanan1 * * P. V. Mohanan, [email protected] Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 012, India
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HIGHLIGHTS • The introduction of graphene will certainly uncover new advanced materials, and many more future technologies will become realistic in the forthcoming years. • The present review article includes more recent publications about the biomedical application and cellular interaction of graphene. It is also updated with modern approaches such as use of graphene inks for 3D printing application. • Moreover, the importance of protein corona in modulating the cellular interaction, which was overlooked in previous review publications, is also included in this article. • The possible biological outcomes and toxicity when graphene is exposed to living organisms at the cellular and organ level are explained.
ABSTRACT Graphene, sp2 hybridized carbon framework of one atom
Tissue engineering
thickness, is reputed as the strongest material to date. It has marked
Bioimaging
its impact in manifold applications including electronics, sensors, composites, and catalysis. Current state-of-the-art graphene research revolves around its biomedical applications. The two-dimensional (2D) planar structure of graphene provides a large surface area for loading drugs/biomolecules and the possibility of conjugating fluorescent dyes
Gene therapy
Biosensors
Graphene
for bioimaging. The high near-infrared absorbance makes graphene ideal for photothermal therapy. Henceforth, graphene turns out to be a reliable multifunctional material for use in diagnosis and treatment. It exhibits antibacterial property by directly interacting with the cell membrane. Potential application of graphene as a scaffold for the
Antibacterial agents
Drug delivery
attachment and proliferation of stem cells and neuronal cells is capti-
Photothermal therapy
3D bioprinting
vating in a tissue regeneration scenario. Fabrication of 2D graphene into a 3D structure is made possible with the help of 3D printing, a revolutionary technology having promising applications in tissue and organ engineering. However, apart from its advantageous application scope, use of graphene raises toxicity concerns. Several reports have confirmed the potential toxicity of graphene and its derivatives, and the inconsistency may be due to the lack of standardized consensus protocols. The present review focuses on the hidden facts of graphene and its biomedical application, with special emphasis on drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging, antibacterial, tissue engineering, and 3D printing applications. KEYWORDS Graphene; Biomedical; Bioprinting; Toxicity; Photothermal therapy Vol.:(0123456789)
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