A review on graphene nanoribbons for advanced biomedical applications
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Carbon Letters https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-020-00125-1
REVIEW
A review on graphene nanoribbons for advanced biomedical applications Pravin Shende1 · Steffi Augustine1 · Bala Prabhakar1 Received: 1 October 2019 / Revised: 8 January 2020 / Accepted: 23 January 2020 © Korean Carbon Society 2020
Abstract Graphene nanoribbons materialize as a next-generation carrier for development of nanodimensional diagnostic devices and drug delivery systems due to the unique and cutting-edge electronic, thermal, mechanical and optical properties associated with graphene. This review article focuses on the important applications of GNRs in the field of biomedicine and biosensing. Graphene nanoribbons are highly developed form of graphene with a wide importance due to their distinctive properties such as large surface area, enhanced mechanical strength and improved electro-conductivity. GNRs are effective substitutes for conventional silicon-based transistors used in biochemical reactions and exploited in the fields of biomedicine and diagnostics due to their effective uptake by mammalian cells. The cellular interactions of GNRs consist of highly specific receptormediated transport, phagocytosis and non-specific transport systems involving copious forces of adhesion. The presence of quantum chains in GNRs increases their potential for fabrication of technically challenging sensing devices in the future. Keywords Biosensing · Unzipped · Graphene · Toxicity Abbreviations 4-NP 4-Nonyl-phenol BBB Blood–brain barrier CNTs Carbon nanotubes DOX Doxorubicin ETV Entecavir FAD Flavin––adenine–dinucleotide GBNMs Graphene-based nanomaterials GCE Glassy carbon electrode GFM Glioblastomamultiforme GNP Graphene nanoplatelet GNP-Dex Graphene nanoparticle-dextran GNRs Graphene nanoribbons GO Graphene oxide LDH Lactate dehydrogenase MIP Molecularly imprinted polymer MNGNR Molecularly imprinted-nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbons MWCNTs Multi-walled carbon nanotubes NCE Nanoparticle cellular endocytosis * Pravin Shende [email protected] 1
Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’S NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
NGNRs Nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbons NP Nanoparticle O-CNHs Oxidized-carbon nanohorns O-CNOs Oxidized-carbon nano-onions O-GNR Oxidized graphene nanoribbons PEI Polyethylenimine QDs Quantum dots ROS Reactive oxygen species r-GO Reduced graphene oxide SWCNTs Single-walled carbon nanotubes
1 Introduction Graphene materializes in the fabrication of various systems such as electronic devices, sensors, composites, energy generation and solar cells. This semiconducting material comprises of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal space lattice with tight binding and high stability. Graphene is a sp2 hybridized, planar, single-layered, one-atom thick and covalently bound two-dimensional honey comb-like structure. It can be synthetically fabricated from single- or multilayered graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) by exfoliation. Over the years, graphene
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