Comprehensive Study of the Impact of Mg 2+ Doping on Optical, Structural, and Magnetic Properties of Copper Nanoferrites
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Comprehensive Study of the Impact of Mg2+ Doping on Optical, Structural, and Magnetic Properties of Copper Nanoferrites Talaat M. Hammad 1
&
S. Kuhn 2 & Ayman Abu Amsha 3 & Nasser K. Hejazy 4 & R. Hempelmann 2
Received: 1 May 2020 / Accepted: 29 May 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Cu1-xMgxFe2O4 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) nanoferrites were synthesized by co-precipitation technique. The substitution of Mg2+ in Cu1-xMgxFe2O4 leads to the decrease of crystallite size from 17.4 to 10.2 nm. In addition, the lattice constant reduced from 8.465 Å to 8.334 Å with increasing the Mg2+ concentration. The particle size obtained from TEM micrographs is consistent with the size of the crystallite determined from XRD results. The band gap energy will increase from 2.82 eV to 3.31 eV with increasing the ratio of Mg2+ content. It has been observed that the luminescence intensity of copper nanoferrite decreases with increasing the ratio of Mg2+. The saturation magnetization decreases with increasing magnesium ion concentration as indicated in the M-H loops. Keywords Cu-Mg ferrites . Magnetic . Nanoparticles . X-ray diffraction . FT-IR . Optical properties
1 Introduction Nanoferrites are materials of great interest and are used in many applications such as pharmaceutical, drug, and medical applications [1]. The physical properties of nanoferrites rely on its chemical composition, preparation conditions, electronic structure of the magnetic ions, and crystal structure [2]. Spinel nanoparticles are of great interest to fundamental sciences to recognize the connection between their physical properties and their crystal structure. Therefore, the nanoparticles have novel properties relative to the bulk materials, which rise up from their reduced size. This makes understanding the various properties of regular and doped nanoferrite systems to be of great interest. Several strategies are used for
* Talaat M. Hammad [email protected] 1
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 1277, Gaza, Palestine
2
Department of Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbru¨cken, Germany
3
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, P.O. Box 1277, Gaza, Palestine
4
Technology & applied Sciences, Al-Quds Open University, Gaza Branch, Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine
the preparation nanoferrites including rapid solidification, sputtering, gas condensation, sol–gel method, crystallization of amorphous phases, electrodeposition, mechanical attritionball milling, sonochemical reactions, combustion, hydrothermal route, and wet-chemical methods such as precipitation [3–25]. The co-precipitation method showed to be the most effective appropriate system for Cu-Mg nanoferrites preparation. One of the most significant ferrites is magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4). It has a typical spinel type cubic structure and is a semiconducting n-type soft magnetic material that finds a number of applications in catalysis and sensors [26]. Coppe
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