Computing Meaning Volume 4

This book is a collection of papers by leading researchers in computational semantics. It presents a state-of-the-art overview of recent and current research in computational semantics, including descriptions of new methods for constructing and improving

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TEXT, SPEECH AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 47

Series Editor Nancy Ide, Vassar College, New York, USA

Editorial Board Emily M. Bender, University of Washington, Washington, USA Mona Diab, Columbia University, New York, USA Pascale Fung, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR Roberto Navigli, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Virach Sornlertlamvanich, NECTEC, Bangkok, Thailand Fei Xia, University of Washington, Washington, USA

For further volumes: www.springer.com/series/6636

Harry Bunt r Johan Bos r Stephen Pulman Editors

Computing Meaning Volume 4

Editors Harry Bunt Tilburg Center for Cognition & Communication Tilburg University Tilburg, The Netherlands

Stephen Pulman Department of Computer Science Oxford University Oxford, UK

Johan Bos Center for Language and Cognition (CLCG) Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Groningen, The Netherlands

ISSN 1386-291X Text, Speech and Language Technology ISBN 978-94-007-7283-0 ISBN 978-94-007-7284-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7284-7 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 99056948 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Contents

Computing Meaning: Annotation, Representation, and