Concentrations of selected arsenic species in urine across various stages of renal function including hyperfiltration
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Concentrations of selected arsenic species in urine across various stages of renal function including hyperfiltration Ram B. Jain 1 Received: 13 July 2020 / Accepted: 7 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Data (N = 10,590) from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2005–2016 for US adults aged ≥ 20 years were analyzed to study how concentrations of arsenobetaine (UAB), monomethylarsonic acid (UMMA), dimethylarsenic acid (UDMA), and total arsenic (UAS) in urine vary across the stages of renal function (RF). Data were analyzed over RF-1A (eGFR > 110 mL/min/1.73 m2), RF-1B (eGFR between 90 and 110 mL/min/1.73 m2), RF-2 (eGFR between 60 and 90 mL/ min/1.73 m2), RF-3A (eGFR between 45 and 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), and RF-3B/4 (eGFR between 15 and 45 mL/min/1.73 m2). Adjusted geometric mean (AGM) concentrations of the total population, males, and females for UAS, UAB, and UDMA were observed to follow inverted U-shaped distributions with points of inflection located at RF-3A. For example, adjusted concentrations for the total population for UAS were 8.8, 8.8, 9.5, 11.7, and 9.6 μg/L for those in RF-1A, RF-1B, RF-2, RF-3A, and RF3B/4 respectively. While statistically significant differences were only occasionally observed, males, in general, had lower AGMs than females for UAS and UDMA, but females had lower AGMs than males for UAB. Among the various racial/ ethnic groups, non-Hispanic whites had the lowest adjusted concentrations of all four arsenic variables. Adjusted levels of all four arsenic variables were observed to decrease over survey years of 2005–2006 through 2015–2016. However, statistical significance was not necessarily reached for all RF stages. Smoking was associated with reduced levels of four arsenic variables over RF-1A through RF-2. Diabetes was associated with increased levels of UMMA and UDMA at RF-2. Keywords Arsenic . Glomerular function . Kidney
Introduction Arsenic is a metalloid element known to have toxicity to diverse organ systems. Target organs include skin, bladder, heart, lung, pancreas, and there is an ongoing discussion about the implications of arsenic exposure to kidney health. Arsenic has long been understood to accumulate in the exposed human kidney (Brune et al. 1980). Recent work has characterized a periglomerular localization for arsenic retention in the kidney, with accumulation in mitochondria of some arsenic metabolites
Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11189-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ram B. Jain
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Dacula, USA
such as mono-methylarsenous acid (MMA) (Bongiovanni et al. 2019). Kidney (and other) cancer may follow a long latency period following chronic arsenic exposure (Smith et al. 2018). In a recent review, Roy et al. (2018) concluded inorganic arsenic to be genotoxic. High-dose arsenic exposure has been associated with acute kidney failure in a ca
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