Contextual Computing Models and Applications
Recent advances in the fields of knowledge representation, reasoning and human-computer interaction have paved the way for a novel approach to treating and handling context. The field of research presented in this book addresses the problem of contextual
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Editorial Board: A. Bundy J. G. Carbonell M. Pinkal H. Uszkoreit M. Veloso W. Wahlster M. J. Wooldridge
Advisory Board: Luigia Carlucci Aiello Franz Baader Wolfgang Bibel Leonard Bolc Craig Boutilier Ron Brachman Bruce G. Buchanan Anthony Cohn Artur d’Avila Garcez Luis Fari˜nas del Cerro Koichi Furukawa Georg Gottlob Patrick J. Hayes James A. Hendler Anthony Jameson Nick Jennings Aravind K. Joshi Hans Kamp Martin Kay Hiroaki Kitano Robert Kowalski Sarit Kraus Maurizio Lenzerini Hector Levesque John Lloyd
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5216
Alan Mackworth Mark Maybury Tom Mitchell Johanna D. Moore Stephen H. Muggleton Bernhard Nebel Sharon Oviatt Luis Pereira Lu Ruqian Stuart Russell Erik Sandewall Luc Steels Oliviero Stock Peter Stone Gerhard Strube Katia Sycara Milind Tambe Hidehiko Tanaka Sebastian Thrun Junichi Tsujii Kurt VanLehn Andrei Voronkov Toby Walsh Bonnie Webber
Robert Porzel
Contextual Computing Models and Applications
Robert Porzel Digital Media Group University of Bremen Bibliothekstraße 1 28359 Bremen Germany [email protected] Managing Editors Prof. Dr. Dov M. Gabbay Augustus De Morgan Professor of Logic Department of Computer Science King’s College London Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
Prof. Dr. J¨org Siekmann Forschungsbereich Deduktions- und Multiagentensysteme, DFKI Stuhlsatzenweg 3, Geb. 43 66123 Saarbr¨ucken, Germany
Cognitive Technologies ISSN 1611-2482 ISBN 978-3-642-17395-0 e-ISBN 978-3-642-17396-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-17396-7 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: K¨unkelLopka GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
For Dieter
Foreword
Context is always problematic in science - we would like our theories to be as general as possible and thus independent of context. For example, a formula like Newton’s second law, F = ma, seems quite general, but implicitly presupposes the context of an unchanging, freely moving mass with constant acceleration at speeds much less than that of light. In fact, much of the difficulty of learning formal science involves understanding which fo
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