Controlled nanostructures and simultaneous passivation of black phosphorus (phosphorene) with Nafion
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Controlled nanostructures and simultaneous passivation of black phosphorus (phosphorene) with Nafion Avneesh Kumar1,a) 1
International Centre for Materials Science, JNCASR, Bangalore 560064, India; and Institute of Organic Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] Received: 17 September 2019; accepted: 11 December 2019
Structural evolution induced and driven by a dual system and simultaneous passivation of phosphorene are reported. Different nano-objects of phosphorene or black phosphorus (BP) are obtained using a new method of exfoliation, in which solvent and an ionic polymer are combined to weaken the van der Waals forces and to scissor the nanosheets. Nanoribbons, nanorods, and nanoneedles are obtained under mechanical force and ambient conditions. Ionic polymer chains assist in curling the monolayer or few-layer nanosheet. Nafion is chosen to exfoliate the bulk BP and induce a morphological transition in BP nanosheets. The exfoliation of BP nanosheets results into thin and specific structures such as nanosheets/rods/needles. The nanosheets of phosphorene are covered and passivated simultaneously by the polymeric sheath that protects the nanosheets from degradation or oxidation and can be integrated with a device directly without any further coating.
Introduction The realm of material sciences field expanded dramatically in multiple directions after the discovery of 2D carbonaceous nanomaterials, e.g., graphene [1, 2, 3]. The illusive properties of 2D materials have attracted scientist from all areas, for instance, engineering, physics, nuclear chemistry, and biology [4]. Apart from graphene, other 2D inorganic nanomaterials are also emerging and establishing themselves as new candidates not only for fundamental scientific research but also for industrial applications [5]. In this regard, an analogous material and allotrope of phosphorus known as black phosphorus (BP), when in bulk, or phosphorene, when exfoliated into nanosheets, has emerged as a competitor of graphene due to its band gap ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 eV and high charge carrier mobility [1000 cm2(V s)] [5]. The electronic properties of phosphorene are found to be thickness dependent and thus can be modulated [6]. In phosphorene, each layer or nanosheet is held together with the other by means of van der Waals interactions. Unlike graphene, phosphorene has honeycomblike structure, in which phosphorus atoms are arranged in a puckered hexagonal ring [7]. Usually, phosphorene can be prepared by exfoliation methods [8, 9, 10]. In literature, there are several reports for the preparation of BP nanosheets with higher yield and remarkable reduced thickness by exfoliation
ª Materials Research Society 2020
methods [11]. Recently, a research group succeeded in producing the phosphorene nanoribbons by ionic scissoring of macroscopic BP crystals [12]. In this method, a lithium-based compound and ammonia were used to exfoliate the nanoribbons [12]. Ionic polymers su
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