Conventional and electrical EOR review: the development trend of ultrasonic application in EOR
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REVIEW PAPER--PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
Conventional and electrical EOR review: the development trend of ultrasonic application in EOR Siti Habibah Shafiai1 · Adel Gohari1 Received: 4 September 2019 / Accepted: 8 June 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract A small portion of oil can be extracted during primary and secondary stages of oil production, and significant quantities of oil remain in reservoirs. Enhanced oil recovery methods are used to extract the trapped oil with high viscosity in reservoirs and improve the efficiency of the production wells. Ultrasonic-based enhanced oil recovery method has become of considerable interest to researchers in recent years. This paper mainly presents the in-depth literature review of ultrasonic wave to investigate its application development trend in enhanced oil recovery. Besides, it also presents an overview of conventional enhanced oil recovery techniques such as chemical, gas, and thermal methods and nonconventional techniques such as electromagnetic and microwave heating. The results exhibit an increasing implementation of the ultrasonic waves for oil recovery since it is an inexpensive and ecologically sound method, can be applied in any type of reservoir, protects the well against damage, prevents heat loss, and enables stimulation freely. Keywords Enhanced oil recovery · Conventional methods · Ultrasonic · Electromagnetic · Microwave heating
Introduction Crude oil is a complex combination of different hydrocarbons such as carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, metals, and salts. Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds that include chemical and physical properties. The smaller hydrocarbon molecules (such as methane, propane, and butane) are found in natural gas. The larger hydrocarbons such as hexane and octane make up petroleum products. Marine organisms and macroscopic animals in plant died and settled in the bottom of the ocean approximately 2 billion years ago. Beneath the sediment in the ocean, and without oxygen, these fossils changed to a substance called kerogen. Then, kerogen slowly changes into oil or gas due to existing heat and pressure. Generally, the complete process takes at least a million years forming two main types of crude oil which are light and heavy oil. Light crude oil, which can be extracted easily, has low viscosity, low density, and high American Petroleum Institute (API) * Adel Gohari [email protected] 1
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
gravity. However, heavy crude oil has a viscosity ranging from 50 mPa s up to about 50,000 mPa s that has limited mobility under reservoir temperature and pressure and does not flow easily (Mai et al. 2009). The global in-place resources of heavy oil are about 991.18 billion tonnes in which 126.74 billion tonnes of that is recoverable (Liu et al. 2019). The average oil recovery rates in a worldwide scale and in the USA are 30% and 39%, respectively (Yernazarova et al. 2016). Oil produc
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