Development of scaling criteria for steam flooding EOR process
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ORIGINAL PAPER--PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
Development of scaling criteria for steam flooding EOR process Arifur Rahman1,2 · Salim Ahmed1 · M. Enamul Hossain3 · Fatema Akter Happy1 Received: 27 February 2020 / Accepted: 11 May 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The development of new scaling criteria for steam flooding process is presented in this paper. The mathematical development is done by using modified Darcy’s law, constitutive relationships, constraints, and the initial and boundary conditions. Dimensional and inspectional analyses are used to develop sets of dimensionless groups by incorporating rock and fluid memory concept. The variety of scaling criteria and their comparative advantages and limitations are discussed. Currently available scaling criteria development for steam flooding processes used the same fluid, same porous media in model and prototype. However, it requires a high-pressure model with different porous media, which causes difficulties in scaling properties, and therefore, largely depends on pressure and the porous media itself. In this paper, different methods are presented which permit scaling of all properties dependent on pressure or temperature by relaxing the requirements of geometric similarity. A set of relaxed scaling criteria is determined to satisfy a major mechanism. A comparative study of different approaches and their relative merits and demerits are discussed. Approach 2 (same fluids, same pressure drop, same porous medium, and geometric similarity) seems to be the most appropriate for the steam flooding process; however, gravitational forces cannot be scaled properly with this approach. Approach 3 (same fluids, same pressure drop, same porous media, and relaxed geometric similarity) is suitable for this process if the effect of transverse dispersion is considered negligible. Finally, a table is developed which can act as a guideline to select an appropriate approach that best scales a major mechanism for a specific steam flooding recovery process. Keywords Steam flooding · Dimensionless numbers · Dimensional analysis · Inspectional analysis · Memory concept List of symbols A Area (m2) L Reservoir length (m) W Reservoir width (m) H Reservoir thickness (m) c Compressibility (m s2/kg) ϕ Porosity (fraction) k Permeability (m2) kr Relative permeability (m2/m2) P Pressure (kg/m2) qi Injection rate (m3/s) qia Injection rate of additive (m3/s) qprod Production rate (m3/s) * Arifur Rahman [email protected] 1
Department of Process Engineering, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
2
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
3
Department of Petroleum and Energy Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
DTa Transverse dispersion of additive (m2/s) DLa Longitudinal dispersion of additive (m2/s) S Saturation 𝜃 Contact angle t Time (s) T Reservoir temperature (°C) E Additive concentration U Total velocity (m/s) u Velocity (m/s) Vr Reservoi
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