Copolymer/graphene oxide nanocomposites as potential anticancer agents
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Copolymer/graphene oxide nanocomposites as potential anticancer agents Abbas Rahdar1 · Mohammad Reza Hajinezhad2 · Hamed Hamishekar3 · Aliyeh Ghamkhari4 · George Z. Kyzas5 Received: 21 March 2020 / Revised: 13 July 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A synthetic style for preparing a graphene oxide/poly(ethyleneglycol)-b-poly(2hydroxyethyl methacrylate-g-lactide)2 nanocomposites (GO/PEG-b-poly(HEMAg-LA)) is via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The characterization of GO/PEG-b-poly(HEMA-g-LA)2 nanocomposites was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopies and dynamic light scattering measurements. This system as a safe nanovehicle has been studied for cancer therapy. Adult male rats were randomly allocated into five groups. Rats received normal saline, doxorubicin (DOX 12 mg/kg), and GO/PEGb-poly(HEMA-g-LA)2@DOX at 6, 12, or 24 mg/kg via intraperitoneal rout daily for 4 weeks. Finally, serum samples were obtained to determine serum biochemical parameters. After euthanasia, liver and kidney samples were preserved in formalin to perform histopathological analysis. * Mohammad Reza Hajinezhad [email protected] * George Z. Kyzas [email protected] Abbas Rahdar [email protected] Hamed Hamishekar [email protected] Aliyeh Ghamkhari [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, University of Zabol, P. O. Box. 35856‑98613, Zabol, Islamic Republic of Iran
2
Basic Veteinary Science Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
3
Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
4
Institute of Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
5
Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 654 04 Kavala, Greece
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
Polymer Bulletin
Graphic abstract
Keywords Copolymer · Nanocomposite · Anticancer agent · Drug · Rats
Introduction Cancer chemotherapy can include common side effects including renal dysfunction and liver damage that can persist for several months following therapy [1]. Doxorubicin (adriamycin) is a common chemotherapy drug that is administered to cancer patients by intravenous infusion, or via the intraperitoneal route (Fig. 1). Treatment with doxorubicin can increase serum markers of the liver and kidney damage in both patients, and animal models of chemotherapy [2]. Doxorubicin exposure can increase oxidant production in heart muscle, and in respiratory muscles, contributing to contractile dysfunction [3]. Preexisting medical problems such as immunosuppression, hepatitis viruses and nutritional deficiencies can increase the host’s susceptibility to doxorubicin-induced liver injury [4]. The characterization stage of acute hepatotoxicity is mainly based on liver biopsy. Doxorubicin is a part of a treatment that is widely used in patients with malignant breast cancer. The most common side effects of doxorubi
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