Core Concepts in Acute Kidney Injury
This comprehensive guide covers the causes, characteristics, and presentations of acute kidney injury (AKI), as well as prevention and treatment. The first part of the book features chapters on the epidemiology and diagnosis of AKI. This is followed by se
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Core Concepts in Acute Kidney Injury
Sushrut S. Waikar • Patrick T. Murray Ajay K. Singh Editors
Core Concepts in Acute Kidney Injury
Editors Sushrut S. Waikar Renal Division Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA USA
Patrick T. Murray University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
Ajay K. Singh
Renal Division Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA USA
ISBN 978-1-4939-8626-2 ISBN 978-1-4939-8628-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8628-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018950405 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, U.S.A.
Preface
Acute kidney injury or AKI refers to an extremely heterogeneous group of clinical conditions that share common diagnostic features: a rise in the serum creatinine concentration and/or a decrease in urine output. These two elements that comprise the diagnostic criteria for AKI reflect major life- sustaining functions of the kidneys, which are to clear the blood of waste products and to regulate circulating plasma volume. A wide array of conditions can acutely injure or impair kidney function and result in a diagnosis of AKI, including tubular injury, tubulointerstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis, and pre-renal azotemia (functional AKI). AKI has a multitude of causes. Worldwide, the most common cause of AKI is pre-renal azotemia from diarrheal illnesses. Environmental exposures, toxins, and injuries are among the many environmental factors that can lead to AKI. Over the past 30 years, the advent of new technologies to diagnose and treat human disease has re
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