Coronaviruses in cattle
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Coronaviruses in cattle Jaka Jakob Hodnik 1 & Jožica Ježek 1 & Jože Starič 1 Received: 19 May 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Bovine coronaviruses are spread all over the world. They cause two types of clinical manifestations in cattle either an enteric, calf diarrhoea and winter dysentery in adult cattle, or respiratory in all age groups of cattle. The role of coronaviruses in respiratory infections is still a hot topic of discussion since they have been isolated from sick as well as healthy animals and replication of disease is rarely successful. Bovine coronavirus infection is characterised by high morbidity but low mortality. The laboratory diagnosis is typically based on serological or molecular methods. There is no registered drug for the treatment of virus infections in cattle and we are limited to supportive therapy and preventative measures. The prevention of infection is based on vaccination, biosecurity, management and hygiene. This paper will cover epidemiology, taxonomy, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, therapy, economic impact and prevention of coronavirus infections in cattle. Keywords Bovine coronavirus . Calf diarrhoea . Winter dysentery . Bovine respiratory disease complex . Betacoronavirus
Introduction Coronaviruses are a very relevant topic, especially at this time when we are facing a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, which has elucidated how little we still know about these microorganisms and their spread from animals to humans (Bojkova et al. 2020). This review paper provides a complete overview of the essential current information on bovine coronaviruses’ epidemiology, taxonomy, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, therapy and prevention. It also provides information on the economic relevance of bovine coronavirus infections and a description of Norway’s control programme for the limitation of their spread.
The virus and taxonomy Bovine coronaviruses (BCoV) are single-stranded positivesense RNA viruses with a lipid envelope. Coronaviruses are spherical and got their name from the spike glycoproteins protruding from their envelope resembling a solar corona * Jože Starič [email protected] 1
Veterinary Faculty, Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals – Section for Ruminants, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
(Bárcena et al. 2009). They have five major structural proteins: hemagglutinin-esterase protein (HE), spike glycoprotein (S), small membrane protein (E), membrane protein (M) and nucleocapsid protein (N) (Suzuki et al. 2020), with the S and HE proteins being crucial for the virus to enter host cells and induce an immune response (Saif 2010; Ellis 2019). The N protein is most homologous between different BCoVs and is used for molecular diagnosis (Cho et al. 2001a; Park et al. 2006). Bovine coronaviruses belong to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, genus Betacoronavirus and subgenus Embecovirus. The genus Betacoronavirus is important for
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