Laboratory detection methods for the human coronaviruses
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REVIEW
Laboratory detection methods for the human coronaviruses Ehsan Shabani 1 & Sayeh Dowlatshahi 1 & Mohammad J. Abdekhodaie 1,2 Received: 17 May 2020 / Accepted: 29 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Coronaviruses are a group of envelop viruses which lead to diseases in birds and mammals as well as human. Seven coronaviruses have been discovered in humans that can cause mild to lethal respiratory tract infections. HCoV-229E, HCoVOC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1 are the low-risk members of this family and the reason for some common colds. Besides, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and newly identified SARS-CoV-2, which is also known as 2019-nCoV, are the more dangerous viruses. Due to the rapid spread of this novel coronavirus and its related disease, COVID-19, a reliable, simple, fast, and low-cost detection method is necessary for patient diagnosis and tracking worldwide. Human coronaviruses detection methods were classified and presented in this article. The laboratory detection techniques include RT-PCR, RT-LAMP, electrochemical and optical biosensors for RNA detection, and whole virus or viral proteins detection assays. Keywords Coronaviruses . COVID-19 . MERS . SARS . Biosensor . Viral RNA detection
Introduction Coronaviruses are members of the Coronaviridae family, which belongs to the Nidovirales order. These viruses are enveloped, non-segmented, positive-sense, and singlestranded RNA viruses that cause mild or severe diseases in some birds and mammals, including humans. Their genome size is about 30 kilobases (kb) which consist of non-structural open reading frames (ORFs) near the 5′-end and at least four structural proteins near the 3′-end, including membrane (M), envelope (E), spike (S), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. The coronavirus name derives from their solar corona appearance, which is formed due to the club-shaped spikes that project from the surface of the virion [1–4]. The first study on coronaviruses was reported in 1931, while the first human coronaviruses were identified in the 1960s. HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 were discovered as responsible viruses for some cases of cold and respiratory tract infection. According to their genome structure, HCoV-229E * Mohammad J. Abdekhodaie [email protected] 1
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
2
Yeates School of Graduate Studies, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
is classified in the alpha-coronaviruses (or group 1) subgroup while HCoV-OC43 belongs to beta-coronaviruses (or group 2) subgroup [5–9]. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was reported for the first time in November 2002 in China, and SARSassociated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was identified in March 2003 as the third human coronavirus. This dangerous virus was characterized and classified in the betacoronaviruses subgroup. SARS outbreak involved 29 countries, infected over 8000 people, and caused 774 deaths (the fatality rate was about 9%). There has not been any new SARS case reported since 200
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