Coronaviruses and gastrointestinal diseases
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REVIEW
Open Access
Coronaviruses and gastrointestinal diseases Xi Luo1,2, Guan-Zhou Zhou1, Yan Zhang1, Li-Hua Peng1, Li-Ping Zou2 and Yun-Sheng Yang1*
Abstract The effects of coronaviruses on the respiratory system are of great concern, but their effects on the digestive system receive much less attention. Coronaviruses that infect mammals have shown gastrointestinal pathogenicity and caused symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting. Available data have shown that human coronaviruses, including the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, mainly infect the respiratory system and cause symptoms such as cough and fever, while they may generate gastrointestinal symptoms. However, there is little about the relation between coronavirus and digestive system. This review specifically addresses the effects of mammalian and human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, on the digestive tract, helping to cope with the new virus infection-induced disease, COVID-19. Keywords: Mammal coronaviruses, Human coronaviruses, Digestive system, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in severe adverse impacts worldwide. Available data have shown that patients with COVID-2019 present respiratory symptoms and fever; however, approximately 8.8–60.6% of patients suffer from gastrointestinal symptoms, such as decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, as well as possible abnormal liver function [1–3]. Although the impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract remain unclear, studies of other coronaviruses have revealed a close relation to GI symptoms. We reviewed the coronaviruses that cause GI disorders in mammals or humans to facilitate coping with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Coronaviruses (CoV) are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that belong to the order Nidovirales. They contain the most abundant RNA genome, with lengths from 27 to 32 kb among all known viruses, and are members of the family Coronaviridae, subfamily Coronavirinae. This subfamily consists of four genera, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
and Deltacoronavirus (α-, β-, γ- and δ-CoV). Specifically, α- and β- coronaviruses mainly infect the human respiratory system, mammalian intestine, and central nervous system; γ- and δ- coronaviruses primarily infect birds (or poultry). The coronaviruses infecting humans can cause severe diseases. To date, seven coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been reported in humans, namely, human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoVHKU1), human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and the
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