Correlation between myopic ametropia and stereoacuity in school-aged children in Taiwan
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CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
Correlation between myopic ametropia and stereoacuity in school-aged children in Taiwan Ju-Wen Yang • Tien-Yi Huang • Jiahn-Shing Lee Ling Yeung • Yi-Fang Lin • Chi-Chin Sun
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Received: 19 April 2012 / Accepted: 13 December 2012 / Published online: 5 February 2013 Ó Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2013
Abstract Purpose To investigate the correlation between stereoacuity, as analyzed by the Titmus stereotest, and the severity of myopia, astigmatism and anisometropia in a school-aged population in Taiwan. Methods Cycloplegic autorefraction, best corrected monocular visual acuity and stereoacuity were measured in 6- to 18-year-old school children. Children with amblyopia (best corrected visual acuity of \20/25) or strabismus were excluded from this study. The correlation between stereoacuity and the severity of myopia, astigmatism and anisometropia was analyzed by the Titmus stereotest. Results A total of 166 children (95 boys, 71 girls; mean age 10.75 years, range 6–18 years) with myopia or astigmatism were enrolled in the study. The mean spherical error was -2.22 ± 1.70 diopters (D) (range -0.25 to -9.50 D), and the mean astigmatism was -0.72 ± 0.89 (range 0 to -4.50) D. An anisometropia of [1.00 D and spherical anisometropia of [1.00 D were strongly associated with decreased stereoacuity on the Titmus stereotest
J.-W. Yang L. Yeung Y.-F. Lin C.-C. Sun (&) Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital 6F, 222 Mai-Jin Road, An-Le District, Keelung City, Taiwan e-mail: [email protected] T.-Y. Huang Ryan Eye Clinic, Taoyuan, Taiwan J.-S. Lee Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan C.-C. Sun Department of Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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(P \ 0.001). Astigmatism was also correlated with the performance of stereopsis (P = 0.013). Conclusion Anisometropia ([1.00 D), spherical anisometropia ([1.00 D), and astigmatism were associated with reduced stereoacuity in school-aged children. Keywords Depth perception Myopia Astigmatism Refractive errors
Introduction Stereopsis is a binocular sensation of relative depth caused by horizontal retinal image disparity [1]. In normal stereoacuity development, distance stereoacuity reaches adult levels at approximately 5 years of age [2]. Stereoacuity influences the performance of fine visuomotor actions and spatial representation. Hrisos et al. [3] found that reduced stereoacuity was associated with poor performance on tasks assessing hand-eye coordination and visuomotor skills. The Titmus stereotest, one of the commonly used contour tests, can assess a range of disparities from 3000 to 40 s of arc and provides a good quantification of the performance of a stereopsis task. Good binocular vision is essential for the development of stereopsis. It is reported that if the visual acuity of both eyes reaches 20/25 or better, the stereopsis would achieve 43 s of arc, as measured by the Titmus stereotest [4]. Sight-threatening ocular diseases, such as aniseikonia,
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