Crystallization Behavior of Liquid CaO-SiO 2 -FeO-MnO Slag in Relation to Its Reaction with Moisture
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JUNCHENG LI is with WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK and also with the School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, P.R. China. DEBASHISH BHATTACHARJEE is with Tata Steel Research & Development, Moorgate, Rotherham, South Yorkshire S60 3AR, UK. XIAOJUN HU is with the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China. DIANWEI ZHANG is with Shougang Research Institute of Technology (Technical Centre), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100043, P.R. China. SEETHARAMAN SRIDHAR is with WMG, The University of Warwick and also with the Department for Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401. ZUSHU LI is with WMG, The University of Warwick. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. Manuscript submitted January 13, 2018. Article published online May 3, 2019. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
INTRODUCTION
STEELMAKING slag is one of the main by-products from the iron and steel making process. Generally, the basic oxygen steelmaking process (BOS process) generates 100 (up to 150) kg slag per ton liquid steel and ~114 Mt waste slag was generated via the BOS process worldwide in 2013. Steelmaking slags usually contain essential quantity of target metals in oxidized form during production of special and alloyed steel grades: e.g., up to 30 pct FeO, 3 to 8 pct MnO, 4 to 6 pct V2O5, and 2 to 9 pct Cr2O3.[1,2] The slags are produced at temperatures around 1600 C and contain significant thermal energy. Up to date, the mainstream technique for the steelmaking slag treatment is known as a material for road base course material in road VOLUME 50B, AUGUST 2019—1931
construction and other civil engineering projects,[3] calcium oxide-based reformer (for ground and soil improvement),[4] raw materials for cement,[5] and fertilizer because of its excellent mechanical properties and functions.[6] However, the technical and environmental obstacles for some steelmaking slags in the above applications, such as volumetric expansion,[7] disintegration,[8] and leaching of metals,[9] result in the insufficient recycling rate of steelmaking slags. Besides, the non-magnetic metal oxides in steelmaking slags in the conventional applications from the slag are not recovered. Targeting the recovery of metal oxides from steelmaking slags, several metallurgical processes have been developed to recycle iron from the slags, such as directly reducing FeO in steelmaking slag by graphite and coal chars,[10] smelting reduction of FeO in steelmaking slag by solid carbon.[11] However, the effective implementation of this process is constrained by unavoidable carbon footprint and large energy consumption. An alternative approach involving oxidation of divalent iron (FeO) to trivalent state (Fe3O4) in the liquid slags by air and subsequently separating magnetite from the quenched slag by magnetic separation has been proposed by Semykina et al.[12–14] This promising method may enable
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