Crystallization of Calcium Phosphates from the Prototype of Blood Plasma in the Presence of Inorganic and Organic Impuri
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Crystallization of Calcium Phosphates from the Prototype of Blood Plasma in the Presence of Inorganic and Organic Impurities O. A. Golovanovaa,* a
Dostoevsky Omsk State University, Omsk, 644077 Russia *e-mail: [email protected]
Received August 24, 2017; revised November 17, 2017; accepted December 7, 2017
Abstract—The crystallization processes in solutions modeling the human blood plasma composition have been investigated. It is revealed that the solid phases consist of OH-deficient water-containing carbonate apatite. The influence of impurities (magnesium and glutamic acid ions) on the crystallization of calcium phosphates is analyzed. The presence of additives in model solution is found to affect the phase composition of samples. The solubility of synthetic samples in solutions of different nature and verapamil preparation is studied. The kinetic characteristics of this process are established, and the dependence of dissolution rate on the experimental laboratory conditions is shown. DOI: 10.1134/S1063774519030088
INTRODUCTION The percentage of pathogenic mineral formation in blood vessels, heart valves, stents, and pectoral implants has increased in the last years [1–9]. This is related to a number of exogenous and endogenous factors. Blood plasma is an aqueous solution of various salts and proteins. The chemical composition of the substances dissolved in blood plasma is relatively constant; the percentage of solutes of plasma is about 10% blood mass. The protein fraction is about 7%, the fraction of inorganic salts is 0.9%, and the rest is nonprotein organic compounds [10, 11]. Plasma contains proteins providing immunity (immunoglobulins) and proteins involved in blood clotting. The inorganic composition of blood plasma (macro- and microelements) has been studied thoroughly (Table 1). Blood permanently contains some amount of free amino acids (AAs). Almost 20% AAs in plasma are alanine and glutamic acid (GA). To date, there is a fairly large amount of data on the composition of blood plasma, due to which one can model the processes occurring in it [12, 13]. Gibson et al. [14], who investigated the damage of coronary arteries, selected three independent phases of atherosclerotic damage of coronary arteries, in which atherosclerotic plaque calcification occurs: formation of fibrous plaque regions with a low content of lipids; final stage of necrotic zone formation; and thrombosis and haemorrhage. The calcificates formed in the aforementioned regions of atherosclerotic plaque have are characterized by specific morphological and compositional features. The only crystallized phase of calcificates is hydroxyapatite, and the initial
petrification stage is the occurrence of clusters of hydroxyapatite micro- and nanoparticles; the mechanisms of their formation in the bulk and surface of atherosclerotic plaque during thrombogenesis arе different. It is not excluded that the mineralization of regions contacting with blood is a passive physicochemical process. According to the data of [14–19], the Ca/P r
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