Cyber-Physical Systems
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Cyber-Physical Systems László Monostori Institute of Computer Science and Control, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary Department of Manufacturing Science and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
Synonyms Smart systems
Definition Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are systems of collaborating computational entities which are in intensive connection with the surrounding physical world and its on-going processes, providing and using, at the same time, data-accessing and data-processing services available on the internet. With other words, CPS can be generally characterized as “physical and engineered systems whose operations are monitored, controlled, coordinated, and integrated by a computing and communicating core” (Rajkumar et al. 2010). The interaction between the physical and cyber elements is of key importance: “CPS is about the
intersection, not the union, of the physical and the cyber. It is not sufficient to separately understand the physical components and the computational components. We must understand their interaction” (Lee and Seshia 2014).
Theory and Application Origin, Short History Most of the researchers originate CPS from the embedded systems (Park et al. 2012), which are defined as a computer system within some mechanical or electrical system to perform dedicated specific functions with real-time computing constraints. These embedded systems are characterized by tight integration and coordination between computation and physical processes. According to this conception, in CPS various embedded devices are networked to sense, monitor, and actuate physical elements in the real world. The CPS notation can be traced back to 2006, when the first NSF Workshop on Cyber-Physical Systems was held in Austin, Texas, October 16–17. The following announcement can be read on the conference web page: “The research initiative on Cyber-Physical Systems seeks new scientific foundations and technologies to enable the rapid and reliable development and integration of
# CIRP 2018 The International Academy for Production Engineering et al. (eds.), CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35950-7_16790-1
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Cyber-Physical Systems
computer- and information-centric physical and engineered systems. The goal of the initiative is to usher in a new generation of engineered systems that are highly dependable, efficiently produced, and capable of advanced performance in information, computation, communication, and control. . . .Sensing and manipulation of the physical world occurs locally, while control and observability are enabled safely, securely, reliably and in real-time across a virtual network. This capability is referred to as Globally Virtual, Locally Physical” (N.N. 2006). Application Fields “The potential of CPS to change every aspect of life is enormous. Concepts such as autonomous cars, robotic surgery, intelligent buildings, smart electric grid, smart manufacturing, and implanted medical devises are just some of the practical
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