Cytotoxic properties of graphene derivatives depending on origin and type of cell line
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Cytotoxic properties of graphene derivatives depending on origin and type of cell line Agnieszka Zuchowska1,a) , Bartlomiej Dabrowski1, Elzbieta Jastrzebska1, Marta Mazurkiewicz-Pawlicka2, Artur Malolepszy2, Leszek Stobinski2, Maciej Trzaskowski3, Zbigniew Brzozka1 1
Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland Graphene Laboratory of Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland 3 Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] 2
Received: 30 March 2020; accepted: 14 July 2020
This work is focused on determining whether two graphene derivatives: graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) can be used alone as a component of anticancer therapy. In this paper, we present the synthesis GO and RGO, their physicochemical characterization as well as an evaluation of their cytotoxic properties on cancer (HepG2 and MCF-7) and non-malignant (clone-9 and HMF) cells. We demonstrated that both tested graphene derivatives have a high affinity to cancer cells. We showed that cytotoxic properties of GO and RGO were different depending on the type of solvent in which they were prepared. Additionally, we observed that cytotoxic properties of GO and RGO were different depending on the origin of the cells (liver and breast) and the form of graphene material (GO and RGO). We showed that GO and RGO can be potential, selectively materials which in future can found application in anticancer therapy.
Introduction Carbon creates different crystallographic forms—widely known, such as diamond or graphite, and some known recently, such as fullerenes [1] and nanotubes [2]. The latest geometric form of carbon discovered in 2004 is graphene. Graphene has the number of unusual electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties [3]. The development of synthesis methods and the possibility to determine its functional features have resulted in the use of graphene and its derivatives in medicine, especially in anticancer therapy [4]. Graphene-based materials can be used in anticancer research as a component in thermal [5,6] and photothermal therapy [7,8] or as a drug carrier [9,10]. Currently, many new materials are evaluated for their possible use in anticancer therapy. For this purpose, in vitro cell cultures are used. In the literature, there is information about cytotoxic research of graphene derivatives [11,12,13,14,15,16], most often study based on the oxidized form of graphene— graphene oxide (GO). This is mainly related to high ability of GO to create dispersed water suspensions [17]. Bengston et al. evaluated the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of GO on
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the murine lung epithelial cell line FE1 [11]. The authors demonstrated that few layered GO does not induce significant cytotoxicity or genotoxicity in F
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