Dealing with double trouble: consequences of single and double herbivory in Brassica juncea
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CHEMOECOLOGY
RESEARCH PAPER
Dealing with double trouble: consequences of single and double herbivory in Brassica juncea Vartika Mathur • Tom O. G. Tytgat • Rob M. de Graaf • Vinay Kalia • A. Sankara Reddy Louise E. M. Vet • Nicole M. van Dam
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Received: 3 July 2012 / Accepted: 24 October 2012 / Published online: 8 November 2012 Ó Springer Basel 2012
Abstract In their natural environment, plants are often attacked simultaneously by many insect species. The specificity of induced plant responses that is reported after single herbivore attacks may be compromised under double herbivory and this may influence later arriving herbivores. The present study focuses on the dynamics of induced plant responses induced by single and double herbivory, and their effects on successive herbivores. Morphological (leaf
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00049-012-0120-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. V. Mathur L. E. M. Vet Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands V. Mathur (&) Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Benito Juarez Marg, Dhaula kuan, New Delhi 110021, India e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] T. O. G. Tytgat R. M. de Graaf N. M. van Dam Department of Ecogenomics, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands V. Kalia Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural and Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India A. Sankara Reddy Rai University, Saroda Post, Dholka Taluka, Ahmedabad District, Gujarat 382260, India L. E. M. Vet Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
length, area and trichome density) and chemical changes (leaf alkenyl and indole glucosinolates) in Brassica juncea were evaluated 4, 10, 14 and 20 days after damage by the specialist Plutella xylostella alone, or together with the generalist Spodoptera litura. To assess the biological effect of the plant’s responses, the preference and performance of both herbivores on previously induced plants were measured. We found that alkenyl glucosinolates were induced 20 days after damage by P. xylostella alone, whereas their levels were elevated as early as 4 days after double herbivory. Trichome density was increased in both treatments, but was higher after double herbivory. Interestingly, there was an overall decrease in indole glucosinolates and an increase in leaf size due to damage by P. xylostella, which was not observed during double damage. S. litura preferred and performed better on undamaged plants, whereas P. xylostella preferred damaged plants and performed better on plants damaged 14 and 10 days after single and double herbivory, respectively. Our results suggest that temporal studies involving single versus multiple attacker situations are necessary to comprehend the role of induced plant respons
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