Decadal increase of the summer precipitation in Thailand after the mid-1990s
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Decadal increase of the summer precipitation in Thailand after the mid‑1990s Apiwat Faikrua1 · Sittichai Pimonsree1 · Lin Wang2 · Atsamon Limsakul3 · Patama Singhruck4 · Zizhen Dong2 Received: 20 May 2019 / Accepted: 23 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Summer precipitation in Thailand is a major resource for water and agriculture. Understanding the decadal variations of summer precipitation is useful for water resource management planning for long-term periods. This study investigates decadal changes in summer precipitation in Thailand. An evident increase in summer precipitation was found after the mid-1990s, and the possible causes have been discussed. An analysis of precipitation from observational stations revealed a significant shift in 1994; an increase in summer precipitation can be observed over most of Thailand after 1994. Inspections of the atmospheric circulation revealed cyclonic anomalies over the Indochina Peninsula in the lower troposphere, facilitating enhanced moisture transport towards Thailand. Meanwhile, the anomalous local Hadley circulation over eastern Thailand demonstrated stronger ascending motion after 1994, facilitating enhanced precipitation. The abovementioned changes in the atmospheric circulation and summer precipitation are closely related to the decadal changes in the sea surface temperature over the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Keywords Summer precipitation · Thailand · Decadal change · AMO
1 Introduction Thailand is located in Southeast Asia where monsoonal precipitation is exceptionally important (Lau and Yang 1997). Approximately 70% of its total annual precipitation results from the summer monsoon, which usually occurs during the Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05443-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Sittichai Pimonsree [email protected] 1
Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Energy and Environment, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
2
Center for Monsoon System Research, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
3
Environmental Research and Training Center, Technopolis, Klong 5, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
4
Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
wet season from May to September (Kanae et al. 2001; Limsakul and Singhruck 2016; Takahashi and Yasunari 2008). The rainy season over Southeast Asia is characterized by typical southwesterly monsoon and monsoon trough. The monsoon trough is generally located over Thailand during May, moves to over Southern China in late June, and moves back over Thailand again after late June (Takahashi and Yasunari 2006). This movement of the monsoon trough results in two sub-rainfall periods with two seasona
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