Deciphering the Roles of Protein Phosphatases in the Regulation of Salt-Induced Signaling Responses in Plants
Protein phosphatases are enzymes mediating important signaling cascades in the plant system. Usually, serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphatases comprise the group of enzymes which cleave off phosphate groups from respective amino acids and generally inac
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Deciphering the Roles of Protein Phosphatases in the Regulation of Salt- Induced Signaling Responses in Plants Aditya Banerjee and Aryadeep Roychoudhury
9.1 Introduction Salinity is one of the most prevalent kinds of abiotic stress which drastically deteriorates crop productivity and negatively affects the overall growth physiology. It has been reported that salt stress reduces the mean yield of susceptible plant species by about 50% (Wang et al. 2003; Banerjee and Roychoudhury 2018a, b). This is a serious problem because large stretches of land used for agricultural pursuits are largely inflicted with high salt concentration. As a result, the conventional crop production programs experience a tremendous pressure in order to satiate the hunger of the ever-growing population (Banerjee et al. 2018, 2019). Transgenic approaches have hence been undertaken on experimental basis to improve crop yield under suboptimal conditions including salt stress. In order to achieve significant success in this field, proper understanding of the plant metabolome is extremely crucial. It is quite well known that phosphorylation at Ser, Thr, or Tyr residues is largely responsible for mediating a major part of the plant signalosome (Roychoudhury and Banerjee 2017). Such phosphorylations are catalyzed by specialized enzymes known as the kinases. However, the removal of the phosphoryl group is also essential for terminating the signaling pathway/cascade or even as a separate posttranslational modification (Schweighofer and Meskiene 2015). The reversal of protein phosphorylation is mediated by a group of enzymes known as the phosphatases. These enzymes were largely considered to be housekeeping enzymes; however, recently, their specific and crucial roles have been undermined during important cellular and physiological processes in plants (Schweighofer and Meskiene 2015). In this chapter, we have briefly highlighted the general roles of plant phosphatases and their involvement in salt-induced responses.
A. Banerjee · A. Roychoudhury (*) Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata, West Bengal, India © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 G. K. Pandey (ed.), Protein Phosphatases and Stress Management in Plants, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48733-1_9
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9.2 Phosphatases: A Brief Outlook Compared to the plant system, protein phosphatases have been better characterized in animal models with respect to their structure and function. In plants, phosphatases cleaving the phosphoryl group at Ser and Thr residues have been broadly classified under two classes: type 1 (PP-1) and type 2 (PP-2A, 2B, and 2C) depending on the specificity to substrates, inhibitors, and ionic requirements (Brautigan 2013).
9.2.1 PP-1 This group of phosphatase has been partially purified from Brassica napus, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays, Arabidopsis thaliana, etc. (Sopory and Munshi 1998). A 35 kDa phosphatase isolated from wheat specifically acted upon phosphotyrosines instead of
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