The roles of phytohormones in metal stress regulation in microalgae
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The roles of phytohormones in metal stress regulation in microalgae Hai Ngoc Nguyen 1,2
&
Anna B. Kisiala 2
&
R. J. Neil Emery 2
Received: 21 July 2020 / Revised and accepted: 17 September 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The constant spread of heavy metal contamination creates an increasing global environmental issue that results in considerable deterioration of land and water ecosystems leading to a decline in the health of plants, animals and humans. Novel, algal-based filtration technologies have been gaining a great deal of attention given their eco-friendly, effective and easy to implement processes. This review focuses on the potential roles that phytohormones can play in heavy metal stress response in microalgae. It emphasizes phytohormone efficiency and proposes the use of these signaling molecules for enhanced metal stress alleviation in microalgae. Furthermore, future implications for algal-based filtration technologies involving modifications of phytohormone metabolism towards improved heavy metal biodegradation rates are presented. Keywords Algae-based bioremediation . Heavy metal stress . Microalgae . Phytohormone
Introduction Heavy metals: pollution, toxicity, and bio-removal Heavy metal (HM) pollution is a worldwide environmental concern. Various industrial processes and the use of chemicals in many areas deliberately or accidentally release toxic HMs into the environment. Effluent wastes are released to rivers and wetlands causing water pollution, seriously damaging ecosystems and threatening human health (Afonne and Ifediba 2020). Among many HMs that originate mainly from agro-industrial wastewaters, nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) are considered as priority pollutants, owing to their high toxicity and non-biochemically degradable properties (Zeraatkar et al. 2016; Azimi et al. 2017). Exposure to HM contaminants leads to cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and mutagenicity, thus increasing the risk of cancer and cancer-related diseases (Zeraatkar et al. 2016; Afonne and Ifediba 2020). Several physical and chemical methods can be used for HM removal from the environment, including replacement or washing of soil, metal precipitation, oxidation, ion exchange, * Hai Ngoc Nguyen [email protected] 1
Trent University, Environmental and Life Science Program, Peterborough, Canada
2
Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
or adsorption in water. However, these methods are costly and time- and labor-consuming and, in natural ecosystems, their success is often limited due to the large areas of contaminated land or water. These methods can also create a form of secondary pollution (Khalid et al. 2017). Bio-removal of HMs has therefore been gaining a great deal of attention given its eco-friendly, effective, and easy to operate processes. Algal cells present diverse adaptive responses and physiochemical mechanisms to clean up metal contamination from water, which make them interesting material to explore fo
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