Democracy and Constitutional Politics in Iran A Weberian Analysis

An inquisitive socio-historical analysis of the long road Iran has traveled in quest of constitutionalism and democracy. The book explicates the paradox that after over a hundred years of struggle for freedom, the Iranian people currently have less of it

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D e mo c r ac y a n d Const i t u t iona l Pol i t ic s i n I r a n

D e mo c r ac y a n d Const i t u t iona l Pol i t ic s i n I r a n A We be r i a n A na lysi s

Fa r sh ad M a l e k-A h m adi

DEMOCRACY AND CONSTITUTIONAL POLITICS IN IRAN

Copyright © Farshad Malek-Ahmadi 2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-42913-1 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission. In accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN The author has asserted their right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of Nature America, Inc., One New York Plaza, Suite 4500, New York, NY 10004-1562. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world.

ISBN 978-1-349-55812-4 ISBN 978-1-137-41394-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-41394-9 Distribution in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world is by Palgrave Macmillan®, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Malek-Ahmadi, Farshad. Democracy and constitutional politics in Iran : a weberian analysis / by Farshad Malek-Ahmadi. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Democracy—Iran—History—20th century. 2. Islam and politics— Iran—History—20th century. 3. Constitutional law—Iran. 4. Iran— Politics and government—20th century. I. Title. JQ1789.A15M35 2015 320.955—dc23

2015010208

A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.

To: ۨ Kimia and Shakiba

And with infinite gratitude to the memory of: ۨ my grandmother, Akhtar Farazdagh, who acquainted me with essentials in life and showed me, by the way she lived, the real meanings of love and spirituality.

Con t e n t s

List of Illustrations

ix

Preface

xi

List of Terms and Abbreviations

xiii

One

Introduction

Two

Theoretical Framework

13

Three

Structure of Domination in Premodern Iran

23

Four

Modernization of the State

31

Five

Constitutional Revolution of Iran 1905–1911

39

Six

Article 2 of the Supplement to Fundamental Law and the Constitutional Politics of Transition to Parliamentary Legislation

51

Seven

Clerical Contr