Depressive Symptoms Are Associated with Reduced Cardiac Function Among Hispanics: Results from the PREVENCION Study
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Depressive Symptoms Are Associated with Reduced Cardiac Function Among Hispanics: Results from the PREVENCION Study Emily A. Vargas1 · Ravi B. Patel1 · Josefina Medina‑Lezama2 · Diana A. Chirinos1 Accepted: 26 October 2020 © International Society of Behavioral Medicine 2020
Abstract Background Depressive symptoms are common among patients with heart failure and are often associated with adverse outcomes, including re-hospitalization and mortality. However, little is known about the association between depressive symptoms and subclinical markers of heart failure and cardiac function in community-based samples and little research has focused on South American Hispanics. The current study examined the cross-sectional association between depressive symptoms and cardiac function in South American Hispanic community-based adults. Methods Participants included 527 adults enrolled in the Peruvian Study of Cardiovascular Disease (PREVENCION). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Markers of cardiac function were assessed by impedance cardiography and included cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume, and stroke volume index. Several multiple regression analyses were used to examine the association between depressive symptoms and markers of cardiac function. Results In adjusted analyses, depressive symptoms were associated with reduced cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume, and stroke volume index. These associations remained significant between depressive symptoms and cardiac output (β = − 0.106, p = 0.014), cardiac index (β = − 0.099, p = 0.029), and stroke volume (β = − 0.095, p = 0.022), and a trend was still observed between depressive symptoms and stroke index (β = − 0.083, p = 0.061), even after having controlled for demographic factors (age, gender, education), cardiovascular risk factors (smoking status, body mass index, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, serum creatinine), and comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia). Conclusions In the PREVENCION sample tested, depressive symptoms were independently associated with cardiac function among Hispanic adults, even above and beyond pertinent factors such as demographic factors, cardiovascular risk factors, and comorbidities. Future studies should determine whether depressive symptoms are prospectively associated with systolic dysfunction, and examine the bio-behavioral pathways of this association. Keywords Depressive symptoms · Cardiac function · Impedance cardiography · Heart failure · South American Hispanics
Introduction Depressive symptoms are common among those with heart failure [1–3], a condition defined as a heterogeneous syndrome which leads to an inability of the heart to adequately * Emily A. Vargas [email protected] 1
Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 680 Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
Research Institute, Santa
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