Design and Safety Analysis of a Drive-by-Wire Vehicle
The contribution introduces a modular and flexible experimental vehicle for investigation of novel vehicle electronics. The experimental vehicle features 4-wheel-drive, 4-wheel-steering and electric brakes. Each wheel can be actuated individually. All act
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Design and Safety Analysis of a Drive-by-Wire Vehicle Peter Bergmiller
8.1 Increasing Complexity in Modern Vehicles In the Federal Republic of Germany, more than 700,000 people were employed in the automotive industry in 2010. According to the German Federal Transport Authority (Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt), the industry branch generated an overall turnover of about 315 Billion Euros. Therewith, the automotive industry contributes hugely to the national output of Germany and thus is vital for the further economic success of the country (Legler et al. 2009). At the same time, the complexity of modern vehicles is continuously increasing and vehicle development is becoming more and more challenging. Additional and more complex functionalities from different domains (ergonomics, entertainment, etc.) are demanded by the customer (SangiovanniVincentelli 2007). Adaptations and extensions of the electrics and electronics (EE) of the vehicle, especially the integration and interaction of previously independent functions, significantly contribute to meeting these demands (Arbitmann et al. 2011; Sinha 2011; Pruckner et al. 2012). Thus, the number of interconnections and interdependencies within the EE system rapidly increases on functional and hardware level (Schäuffele and Zurawka 2004). This furthermore pushes complexity. In parallel, operational safety of modern vehicles has to be maintained, or better, improved. This generates strongly conflicting goals between additional functionalities and proof of sufficiently safe operation of these increasingly complex systems. With electric vehicles joining the market, meeting both targets becomes even more challenging. Depending on the drive train structure, electric vehicles can provide powerful means to intervene into vehicle handling, e.g., due to torque vectoring.1 1
Torque vectoring refers to an approach where individual wheels of a vehicle are driven with individual drive torques. When driving the wheels at one side of the vehicle with a different torque than the wheels of the opposing side, an additional yaw moment is generated. For further information including evaluation of safety criticality see, e.g., Euchler et al. (2010).
P. Bergmiller Institute of Control Engineering,Technische Universität Branuschweig, Hans-Sommer-Str. 66, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany e-mail: [email protected] M. Maurer and H. Winner (eds.), Automotive Systems Engineering, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36455-6_8, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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These means are controlled by the EE system, and thus a failure of the EE system can result in fatal crashes that are hardly avoidable even for a skilled driver. Consequently, profound further development in the field of vehicle electronics is crucial not only for the German automotive industry to maintain its leading global position based on innovative functionalities, but also to make driving safer. This necessity is strongly supported by a technical survey issued and funded by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology in
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