Determination of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions from a commercial dairy farm with an exercise yard and the healt
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Determination of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions from a commercial dairy farm with an exercise yard and the health-related impact for residents Chuandong Wu 1 & Fan Yang 2 & Marlon Brancher 3 & Jiemin Liu 1 & Chen Qu 1 & Martin Piringer 4 & Günther Schauberger 3 Received: 8 March 2020 / Accepted: 22 June 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Airborne emissions from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) have the potential to pose a risk to human health and the environment. Here, we present an assessment of the emission, dispersion, and health-related impact of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emitted from a 300-head, full-scale dairy farm with an exercise yard in Beijing, China. By monitoring the referred gas emissions with a dynamic flux chamber for seven consecutive days, we examined their emission rates. An annual hourly emission time series was constructed on the basis of the measured emission rates and a release modification model. The health risk of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions around the dairy farm was then determined using atmospheric dispersion modeling and exposure risk assessment. The body mass-related mean emission factors of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were 2.13 kg a−1 AU−1 and 24.9 g a−1 AU−1, respectively (one animal unit (AU) is equivalent to 500 kg body mass). A log-normal distribution fitted well to ammonia emission rates. Contour lines of predicted hourly mean concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were mainly driven by the meteorological conditions. The concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide at the fence line were below 10 μg m−3 and 0.04 μg m−3, respectively, and were 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than the current Chinese air quality standards for such pollutants. Moreover, the cumulative non-carcinogenic risks (HI) of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were 4 orders of magnitudes lower than the acceptable risk levels (HI = 1). Considering a health risk criterion of 1E-4, the maximum distance from the farm fence line to meet this criterion was nearly 1000 m towards north-northeast. The encompassed area of the contour lines of the ambient concentration of ammonia is much larger than that of hydrogen sulfide. However, the contour lines of the ammonia health risk are analogous to those of hydrogen sulfide. In general, the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions from the dairy farm are unlikely to cause any health risks for the population living in the neighborhood. Keywords Emission . Ammonia . Hydrogen sulfide . Health risk . Dispersion model . Dairy farm
Responsible Editor: Gerhard Lammel * Chuandong Wu [email protected] Fan Yang [email protected] Marlon Brancher [email protected]
Günther Schauberger [email protected] 1
School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2
Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
3
WG Environmental Health, Unit for Physiology and Biophysics, University of V
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