Determination of groundwater potential by using geoelectrical method and petrographic analysis in Rawalakot and adjacent
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Determination of groundwater potential by using geoelectrical method and petrographic analysis in Rawalakot and adjacent areas of Azad Kashmir, sub-Himalayas, Pakistan Abrar Niaz 1
&
Muhammad Rustam Khan 1 & Umer Ijaz 1 & Muhammad Yasin 1 & Fahad Hameed 1
Received: 2 May 2017 / Accepted: 9 August 2018 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2018
Abstract The current study is carried out for the determination of groundwater potential in District Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K) Pakistan by using electrical resistivity method and petrographic analysis of the area. The tape-compass-clinometers method was used in section measurement to understand the facies and depositional environment. The electrical resistivity survey was carried out in the project area in sub-Himalayan Siwaliks system of Pakistan to overcome water scarcity in a few regions. The area was chartered with the Schlumberger configuration up to the AB/2 depth of 150 m. The ABEM Terrameter SAS 4000 (Sweden) and accessories were used to acquire vertical electrical soundings in 24 locations. The results obtained through the 2D and 3D isoresistivity maps of apparent resistivity for 15, 45, and 130 m spacings, the 3D isoresistivity maps of transverse resistance and anisotropy, the VES curve types, and the measured stratigraphic section of surface rocks revealed the confined or semi-confined type aquifers within sedimentary formations. The petrographic analysis indicates the clues of the secondary porosity and fluid migrations through the rocks. Keywords Vertical electrical sounding (VES) . Petrography . Depositional environment . Schlumberger configuration . Sub-Himalayan Siwaliks
Introduction Groundwater forms the largest, easily accessible and an important natural resource of water. The intricate joints, fractures, and tiny pore spaces of rocks together hold immense volume of groundwater (Lutgens et al. 2014). The groundwater free from bacteriological pollution and hence safe for household utilization constitutes half of all the drinking water worldwide (Elizondo and Lofthouse 2010; Siebert et al. 2010; Smith et al. 2016; Okafor and Mamah 2012). The annual rate of worldwide groundwater extraction is about 982 km3 where 70% portion is utilized in agriculture sector (Margat and Van der Gun 2013). With the growth of population at an enormous rate, the groundwater extraction is expected to increase from 15,000 m3/day at present to 37,000 m3/day by 2025 (Maury
* Abrar Niaz [email protected] 1
Institute of Geology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, P.O Box 13100, Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
and Balaji 2014). Hence, the demand of water can be overcome by the identification of potential aquifers during the demarcation of subsurface geology. There are several methods worked out in practice for the assessment of hydrogeological conditions, and among these, the geoelectrical resistivity methods are well known for effectiveness, reliability, and feasibility (Martinelli 1978; Oseji et al. 2006; Khalil 2010; Sikandar et al
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