Determination of nitroaromatic explosive residues in water by stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-tandem mas
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RESEARCH PAPER
Determination of nitroaromatic explosive residues in water by stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Mathieu Galmiche 1 & Adeline Colin 1 & Marie-Christelle Clavos 1 & Christelle Pallez 1 & Christophe Rosin 1 & Xavier Dauchy 1 Received: 8 September 2020 / Revised: 25 September 2020 / Accepted: 1 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Nitroaromatic compounds were massively used in the formulation of explosives during both world wars. Even several decades after the end of these wars, their residues are suspected to be widely present in the environment. Their occurrence and effect on ecosystems and human health are still not fully determined. This paper describes the development of a method for the determination of 28 nitroaromatic compounds in water, including isomers of nitrotoluene (NT), dinitrotoluene (DNT), trinitrotoluene (TNT), nitrobenzene (NB), dinitrobenzene (DNB), chloronitrobenzene (ClNB), chlorodinitrobenzene (DNCB), nitronaphthalene (NN), dinitronaphthalene (DNN), nitroaniline (NA), dinitroanisole (DNAN), diphenylamine (DPA), and nitrodiphenylamine (nitroDPA). In order to separate and individually quantify all the analytes with the best possible sensitivity, stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) was chosen as the extraction and pre-concentration step prior to gas chromatography (GC) separation and tandem mass spectrometry detection (MS/MS). Our SBSE optimization efforts focused on parameters such as the type of stir bar, ionic strength, addition of organic solvent, and extraction and desorption times. After these optimizations, the analytical method enabled us to reach limits of quantification (LOQs) between 1 and 50 ng/L in tap water, groundwater, and surface water. The method was applied to the determination of targeted nitroaromatic explosive residues in spring and groundwater samples collected in an area where mine warfare had raged during World War I. Up to 16 different nitroaromatic compounds were detected in the same sample. The highest concentrations were recorded for 2,4-DNT and 1,3-DNB (1700 and 2690 ng/L respectively). Keywords Explosives . Nitroaromatic . SBSE . GC . MS/MS . Water
Introduction Huge conflicts devastated Europe during the twentieth century, causing millions of deaths and severely damaging the environment. It has been estimated that around 1 billion artillery shells were fired during World War I (WW1) alone [1]. The pollution of water and soil due to the chemicals massively employed during both world wars raises concerns in various European countries [1–7]. In France, a national screening
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02985-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Xavier Dauchy [email protected] 1
Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, ANSES, 40 Rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France
study [8] revealed the contamination of drinking water by explosive re
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