Determination of Sulfonamides in Chicken Meat by Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Coupled to HPLC-UV
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Determination of Sulfonamides in Chicken Meat by Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Coupled to HPLC-UV Mohammad Karimi & Forouzan Aboufazeli & Hamid Reza Lotfi Zadeh Zhad & Omid Sadeghi & Ezzatollah Najafi
Received: 30 September 2012 / Accepted: 5 March 2013 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract In this work, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized and modified by a molecularly imprinted polymer for easy and selective extraction and determination of sulfonamides in chicken meat samples. Imprinted polymer magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction pattern, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscope micrograph. The template was removed by methanol elution. The effective parameters on extraction and determination of sulfonamides on the sorbent such as eluent type, extraction solvent, and adsorption and desorption times were optimized. Sulfonamide separation and determination were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography– UV. The linear ranges for sulfonamides were 0.5– 150 μg/L and the limits of detection were 0.1–0.5 μg/L. Relative standard deviations were within 4.3–5.4 %. The method showed good selectivity for extraction of sulfonamides in real samples. Keywords Sulfonamide determination . HPLC . Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer . Chicken meat
Introduction Over the last decades, veterinary drugs such as sulfonamides have been extensively used as an antibacterial compound against a variety of bacterial and protozoan infections in veterinary medicine (Nada et al. 2012; Husain 2010). They M. Karimi : F. Aboufazeli : H. R. L. Z. Zhad : O. Sadeghi : E. Najafi (*) Department of Chemistry, Shahr-e-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, P. O. Box 18735-334, Tehran, Iran e-mail: [email protected]
are also illegally used as feed supplements in order to increase feed efficiency and rate of weight gain in foodproducing animals (Kantiani et al. 2010). Sulfonamides can be stored in meat tissue, and they are carcinogenic and can cause severe several allergic reactions. They can promote occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which leads to inefficiency of antibiotic-resistant medicine (Yu et al. 2011a). The improper treatment of animals with sulfonamides would leave some sulfonamide residues inside the slaughtered animals (Lu et al. 2007). Furthermore, according to Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2377/90, the maximum residue level (MRL) for sulfonamides is 100 μg/kg. All in all, due to the concerns about its possible effect on human health, its determination is so important in trace levels. Many analytical methods such as thin layer chromatography (Reimer and Suarez 1991), gas chromatography (Cannavan 1996a), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Wu et al. 2007), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (Malik et al. 2010), and capillary electrophoresis (Font et al. 2007) have been developed for determination of sulfonamides. Having high complex matrix and lots of interferences, a cleanup step i
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