Determination of total and lung-deposited particle surface area concentrations, in central Athens, Greece
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Determination of total and lung-deposited particle surface area concentrations, in central Athens, Greece Stavros Cheristanidis & Georgios Grivas & Archontoula Chaloulakou
Received: 10 January 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Numerous health studies have linked the exposure to particulate matter with adverse health effects, while there is an increasing scientific interest in the particle metrics of surface area (SA) and lungdeposited SA (LDSA) concentration. In the present study, two integrated SA estimation methods, both based on widely used instrumentation, were applied at an urban traffic environment in Athens for a 6-month period. The first estimation method used the size distribution by number to estimate SA (average SA1 669.3 ± 229.0 μm2 cm−3), while the second method used a simple inversion scheme that incorporates number and mass concentrations (average SA2 1627.9 ± 562.8 μm2 cm−3). In pairwise comparisons, SA2 levels were found two times greater than the corresponding SA1, but exhibited a strong correlation (r = 0.73). SA1 and SA2 concentrations correlated well with the traffic-related pollutants NOx (r = 0.64 and 0.78) and equivalent black carbon (r = 0.53 and 0.51). The diurnal variation of SA1 concentrations by size range indicated traffic as a major controlling factor. Estimated LDSA (53.9 μm2 cm−3 on average) concentrations were also clearly affected by
S. Cheristanidis (*) : A. Chaloulakou School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografos, Athens, Greece e-mail: [email protected] G. Grivas Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece
anthropogenic emissions with more pronounced associations in the 0.01–0.4 μm range (r = 0.66 with NOx and r = 0.65 with equivalent black carbon). Validating estimated LDSA through simultaneous measurements with a reference instrument revealed that the estimation method underestimates LDSA by a factor between 2 and 3, exhibiting, however, a high correlation (r = 0.79). Overall, the performance of estimation methods appear satisfactory and indicate that a trustworthy assessment of the temporal variability of SA and LDSA concentration metrics can be provided in real time, on the basis of relatively lower-cost instrumentation, especially in view of recent advances in particle sensing technologies. Keywords Surface area . Lung deposit SA . Estimation methods . Urban air pollution
Introduction A large number of epidemiological studies, conducted around the world, have associated the exposure to ambient aerosols with public health issues (Dockery et al. 1993; Pope et al. 1995; IARC 2013). Particulate matter (PM) appears to be the ambient pollutant most consistently linked with adverse health outcomes related to morbidity and mortality (Hoek et al. 2013; Di et al. 2017). While studies all over the world have associated the exposure in high levels of suspended particles with both long-term and short-term effects on
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