Detrimental Effects of Sodium Fluoride on the Expression of Insulin Receptor in the Olfactory Bulb and Hippocampus of Ma
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Detrimental Effects of Sodium Fluoride on the Expression of Insulin Receptor in the Olfactory Bulb and Hippocampus of Male Mice Jianqin Yuan 1,2 & Qi Li 2 & Mohammad Mehdi Ommati 1,2 & Ruiyan Niu 2 & Jundong Wang 2 Received: 16 December 2019 / Accepted: 17 January 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Fluoride exposure is associated with lowered cognitive function ability, intelligence quotient, and mental decline, especially in children. The brain insulin receptor (IR) signaling system is related to neuronal plasticity and consequent cognitive ability. In our previous study, NaF exposure decreased IR expressions in olfactory bulb (OB) and hippocampus after Y-maze test in male mice. In order to further explore whether the Y-maze test affected IR gene and protein expression levels in the OB and hippocampus under the NaF exposure, healthy male mice were randomly allotted into four groups and challenged with 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/L NaF for three continuous months. The results showed that femur fluorine content of the NaF-exposed groups increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. NaF significantly decreased brain protein content and organ coefficient of the treated male mice. The protein and mRNA expression levels of the IR were significantly decreased in the OB and hippocampus of the NaF-treated mice. Interestingly, indicators (brain protein content and organ coefficient) measured in the present study were significantly lower than our previous study indicators (mice tested Ymaze test), especially the expression levels of IR protein and mRNA in the same concentration groups. Taken together, these results indicated that Y-maze test could promote the expression levels of IR protein and mRNA in the OB and hippocampus, while NaF had a stronger inhibitory effect, which resulted in adverse effects on the expression levels of IR in the OB and hippocampus of male mice. Keywords Hippocampus . Insulin receptor . Male mice . Olfactory bulb . Sodium fluoride . Y-maze test
Introduction Fluoride (F), one of the ubiquitous environmental toxicant, exists in natural and industrial resources such as groundwater,
* Jundong Wang [email protected] Jianqin Yuan [email protected] Qi Li [email protected] Mohammad Mehdi Ommati [email protected] Ruiyan Niu [email protected] 1
College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
2
Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Sciences and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
rocks, soil, and coal, as well as in other daily fluoridecontaining goods such as mouthwash, toothpaste, and artificially fluoridated water; hence, dental fluorosis is found in many countries around the world [1–4]. Overconsumption of polluted water and other resources such as high NaF diets and toothpaste will raise the body burden of NaF [5, 6]. It has been reported that chronic exposure to NaF could le
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