Effects of Ghrelin on Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Viability and Neural Marker Expression
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Effects of Ghrelin on Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Viability and Neural Marker Expression Cristina Russo 1
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Martina Patanè 1
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Antonella Russo 1
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Stefania Stanzani 1
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Rosalia Pellitteri 2
Received: 20 July 2020 / Accepted: 21 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Ghrelin (Ghre), a gut–brain peptide hormone, plays an important role in the entire olfactory system and in food behavior regulation. In the last years, it has aroused particular interest for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Our previous research showed that Ghre and its receptor are expressed by peculiar glial cells of the olfactory system: Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (OECs). These cells are able to secrete different neurotrophic factors, promote axonal growth, and show stem cell characteristics. The aim of this work was to study, in an in vitro model, the effect of Ghre on both cell viability and the expression of some neural markers, such as Nestin (Ne), Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP), Neuregulin (Neu), and β-IIItubulin (Tuj1), in primary mouse OEC cultures. The MTT test and immunocytochemical procedures were used to highlight cell viability and marker expression, respectively. Our results demonstrate that Ghre, after 7 days of treatment, exerted a positive effect, stimulating OEC viability compared with cells without Ghre treatment. In addition, Ghre was able to modify the expression of some biomarkers, increasing Neu and Tuj1 expression, while GFAP was constant; on the contrary, the presence of positive Ne cells was drastically reduced after 7 days, and this showed a loss of stem cell characteristic and therefore the possible orientation towards an adult neural phenotype. Keywords Ghrelin . Olfactory Ensheathing Cell cultures . Immunocytochemistry . Neural phenotype . Trophic effect
Introduction Ghrelin (Ghre) is a small peptide hormone, known for its role in appetite stimulation, feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, and carbohydrate metabolism (Cowley et al. 2003; Muller et al. 2015). It contributes, through the interaction with its receptor, in a large number of functions from typical orexigenic action to the role on the brain pathways (Russo et al. 2017; Young and Jialal 2019). Ghre plays a role in the regulation of neuroendocrine and neurodegenerative processes, especially in higher brain functions, such as learning and memory consolidation (Panagopoulos and Ralevski 2014; Jiao et al. 2017), providing a neurotrophic support to the synaptic interaction between olfactory neurons and mitral cells (Russo et al. 2018). * Rosalia Pellitteri [email protected] 1
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 95126 Catania, Italy
The role of Ghre can be related to synaptic formation and neurogenesis. A recent report shows that Ghre stimulates synaptic formation in cortical pathways in cu
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