Developing the Cyberostracism Scale and Examining its Psychometric Characteristics
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Developing the Cyberostracism Scale and Examining its Psychometric Characteristics Osman Hatun 1
& İbrahim Demirci
1
Accepted: 27 October 2020/ # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
This study aims to develop the Cyberostracism Scale (CS) to assess university students’ perceptions of virtual social exclusion. Validity and reliability studies were carried out with 3 different groups (N = 692; %69 women). In the developing process of the scale, EFA, CFA, Item Response Theory (IRT), and criterion-related validity and reliability (Cronbach’s α, McDonald’s ω, and test-retest) analyses were used. EFA results indicated that the CS has a 3-dimensional structure (Direct Excluded, Indirect Excluded, Ignored) which explains 55.74% of the total variance. The CFA results showed that the 3-factor structure of the scale had an acceptable level of fit indices and had a measurement invariance across gender. IRT analysis showed that all items of the scale were coherent and fit with the model. The results indicated that the scale had satisfactory reliability coefficients. The cyberostracism was found to be associated with the ostracism. Results of the study show that the CS is a valid and reliable measurement tool. Keywords Cyberostracism . Ostracism . Social exclusion . Social media . Validity . Reliability With the rapid spread of Internet usage as well as its becoming a popular communication tool, people from all around the world can be said to be connected like never before (Poon 2019). The Internet offers people of all ages a wide range of options such as communicating with other people, socializing, spending time efficiently, doing research, learning, and doing business. Due to the number of these options expanding with each passing day, the number of individuals who use the Internet and create social media accounts is increasing day by day (Mıhçı and Kılıç Çakmak 2017). According to the Digital 2020 Report (Kemp 2020), while more than 4.5 billion people use the Internet for various purposes, the number of social media users exceeds 3.8 billion.
* Osman Hatun [email protected] İbrahim Demirci [email protected]
1
Faculty of Education, Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Sinop University, 57000 Sinop, Turkey
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
In the same report, the reader learns that more than half the world’s population will use social media by the mid-2020s. According to the results from the Turkish Statistical Institute’s (TÜİK) (2019) Household Information Technologies Usage Survey published in August 2019, 75.3% of individuals between the ages of 16 and 74 are found to have used the Internet; this percentage was determined to have been 72.9% in 2018. Together with the increase in Internet usage has been reported an increase in the use of social media tools for creating and maintaining social relations (Karlen and Daniels 2011), and social media is reported to be at the top of the area where Internet usage is focused (Demirci 2019
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