Development and Social Implementation of Smartphone App Nige-Tore for Improving Tsunami Evacuation Drills: Synergistic E
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ARTICLE
Development and Social Implementation of Smartphone App Nige-Tore for Improving Tsunami Evacuation Drills: Synergistic Effects Between Commitment and Contingency Katsuya Yamori1 • Takashi Sugiyama1
Accepted: 22 October 2020 The Author(s) 2020
Abstract This research explored how we can improve tsunami evacuation behavior, which has been a major social issue since the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. We introduce Nige-Tore, a smartphone app for supporting tsunami evacuation drills, which was developed within an interdisciplinary research framework. Nige-Tore serves as an effective interface tool that successfully visualizes the dynamic interactions between human actions (evacuation behavior) and natural phenomena (tsunami behavior). Drill participants can check, on their smartphone, the estimated inundation area of the approaching tsunami, along with their own current evacuation trajectory. The results of real-world trials using NigeTore show that the app is more powerful than conventional devices and methods that have been used in tsunami evacuation training, such as hazard maps and traditional drills that do not make use of any apps, because Nige-Tore provides an interface that enables commitment and contingency thinking—which at first glance appear to represent different orientations—to not only coexist but to synergize. ‘‘Commitment’’ (devotion or involvement) refers to the act of immersing oneself in and viewing as absolute one particular scenario or its potential to be actualized, given conditions in which infinite scenarios may be actualized, depending on the interactions between human systems and natural systems. ‘‘Contingency’’ thinking (an accidental or incidental state) refers to the act of relativizing and separating oneself from any particular scenario or its potential to be actualized, given the same & Katsuya Yamori [email protected] 1
Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
conditions. The synergistic effect of ‘‘commitment’’ and ‘‘contingency’’ thinking also expands people’s capacity to cope with unexpected and unforeseen events. Keywords Commitment Contingency thinking Evacuation behavior Japan Smartphone app Tsunami
1 Tsunami Evacuations: Interactions Between Human Systems and Natural Systems Tsunamis are among the most harmful types of natural hazards, as illustrated by the catastrophic 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, which killed around 2800 people, and the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, which killed over 225,000 people. Tsunami countermeasures are particularly important for Japanese society today, as the risk increases for a massive earthquake in the Nankai Trough, which is expected to severely impact central and western Japan (Cabinet Office, Government of Japan 2015a). The probability of such an earthquake occurring in the next 30 years is 70–80%, and in a worst-case scenario is anticipated to result in over 320,000 fatalities nationwide (approximately 230,000,
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