Development of 11 microsatellite markers for Giraffa camelopardalis through 454 pyrosequencing, with primer options for
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TECHNICAL NOTE
Development of 11 microsatellite markers for Giraffa camelopardalis through 454 pyrosequencing, with primer options for an additional 458 microsatellites Kerryn D. Carter • Jennifer M. Seddon John K. Carter • Anne W. Goldizen • James P. Hereward
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Received: 27 April 2012 / Accepted: 14 May 2012 / Published online: 26 May 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012
Abstract Many wild giraffe populations are declining across Africa, with two subspecies listed by the IUCN as Endangered in the past 4 years. We developed 11 microsatellite markers from Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis in Etosha National Park, Namibia using 454 sequencing. In 70 individuals, the loci showed 2–4 alleles per locus and expected heterozygosities of 0.082–0.711. There were no significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium for any of the loci. Null allele frequencies were low (\3 %) across all loci. We present primer options for an additional 458 microsatellites. This new set of microsatellite markers and primer options will benefit conservation, population and quantitative genetics studies of giraffe populations. Keywords Giraffa camelopardalis Giraffes Microsatellite markers 454 pyrosequencing Subspecies
Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) are regarded as a single species, although the subspecies status of giraffes is unclear (Brown et al. 2007) and currently under review by the IUCN International Giraffe Working Group (J. Fennessy IGWG pers. comm.). Two subspecies have recently been Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12686-012-9679-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. K. D. Carter (&) J. K. Carter A. W. Goldizen J. P. Hereward School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia e-mail: [email protected] J. M. Seddon School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
listed as endangered (Fennessy and Brown 2008; Fennessy and Brenneman 2010). There are currently 17 microsatellites available for giraffes (Brown et al. 2007; Huebinger et al. 2002) that amplify across the six genetic lineages identified by Brown et al. (2007), however these markers suffer deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in several lineages, and some markers are monomorphic in some lineages. In Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis, the microsatellites that amplify have low allelic diversity. We present 11 additional markers for G. c. angolensis, obtained via 454 pyrosequencing, which should amplify across other giraffe lineages based on the cross amplification of the current published set. We also present primer options for an additional 458 microsatellites (Online Resource 1) for further studies into hybridisation, parentage, and population connectivity in giraffes. Tissue was taken from 70 individuals between September 2009 and June 2010, in a 1,000 km2 area surrounding the Okaukuejo tourist camp in Etosha National Park, Namibia using a remote biopsy da
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