Development of Electronic-Nose Technologies for Biomedical Applications
In this paper the development of an electronic nose for biomedical applications is reported. The key concept guiding the development of the analyzer has been the portability, its easy use, and interface with the patient and hospital facilities. With this
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Introduction
Today, electronic-nose (e-nose) applications are growing at a rapid rate, thanks to the capability of this device to solve the problem associated with the detection/quantification of gaseous or vapor analytes in complex gas mixtures. An electronic nose is an artificial sensor system that generally consists of an array of chemical sensors and which responds essentially to all gases but produces a distinguishable response pattern for each separate type of analyte or mixture. Pattern recognition algorithms and/ or neural network hardware is used on the output signals arising from the electronic nose to classify, identify, and where necessary quantify the gases of concerns. The focus of this work will be on exploiting the vapor detection technology recently developed by us [1] for a low-power, simple, and easy-to-use “electronic nose” for biomedical applications in order to provide effective solutions to the diagnostic needs of modern medicine. The application here considered is related to the monitoring of volatile biomarkers in the human breath associated with certain disease states. This is a major challenge for modern medicine allowing to achieve effective early disease diagnoses, facilitating rapid cure treatments and, at the same time, reducing the invasiveness of diagnostic treatments.
S.G. Leonardi (*) • M. Cannistraro • E. Patti • D. Aloisio • N. Donato • G. Neri Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica, Chimica e Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Messina, Contrada di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy e-mail: [email protected] C. Pace • M. Mazzeo Dipartimento di Ingegneria Informatica, Modellistica, Elettronica e Sistemistica, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci 42C, 87036 Rende, Italy W. Khalaf Computer & Software Eng. Dep., Almustansiriya University, Bab Al Muadham, 10047 Baghdad, Iraq 475 C. Di Natale et al. (eds.), Sensors and Microsystems: Proceedings of the 17th National Conference, Brescia, Italy, 5-7 February 2013, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 268, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-00684-0_92, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
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Specifically, the performance of e-nose developed was tested in the breath monitoring of renal disease patients with the aim to find differences in the pattern, taken at different time intervals during hemodialysis and correlated to the variation of the clinical parameters due to the treatment [2].
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Experiments
The e-nose system developed consists of an array of different commercial gas sensors placed in a small volume chamber (Fig. 1a), whose signals are conditioned and sampled by a multifunction board connected to a personal computer. A program, implementing efficient support vector machine and least-square model algorithms (Fig. 1c), executes the gas classification and the concentration estimation and warns about set risk thresholds overcoming. The system training was performed in the laboratory, over a wide range of analyte concentrations in air. Other boundary conditions, such as oxygen and CO2 concentration
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