Development of Mathematical Model for Estimation of Wetting Front Under Drip Irrigation
The present study was carried out to determine wetting front dimensions in drip irrigation and to establish a relationship between emitter discharge and wetting front movement in vertical and horizontal directions. The dimensions of wetting front in horiz
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Development of Mathematical Model for Estimation of Wetting Front Under Drip Irrigation Harsh Vardhan Singh and Vishwendra Singh
24.1 Introduction Water scarcity already affects every continent. Around 1.2 billion people, or almost one-fifth of the world’s population, live in areas of physical scarcity, and 500 million people are approaching this situation (Singh et al. 2006; Swain et al. 2015). Another 1.6 billion people around the globe face economic water shortage, where countries lack the necessary infrastructure to take water from rivers and aquifers (Watkins 2006; Verma et al. 2016). Approximately, one-third of the world’s population live with water stress, i.e. in that area where the withdrawal of freshwater exceeds 10% of the renewable storage (Elliott et al. 2014; Swain et al. 2017a). If the same consumption patterns continue, two out of three people on earth will live under water-stressed conditions by the year 2025 (Karlberg and de Vries 2004; Swain et al. 2018). The conditions will be detrimental for countries like India with increasing population, higher food demand, increasing temperatures and changing precipitation patterns (Swain et al. 2017b). The economy of India being dependent on agriculture, it is necessary to focus on proper planning and management of water availability and water use, so as to increase the agricultural yield. As reported by Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, 48% of total geographical area of the country is covered by agricultural lands, of which, only one-third area is irrigated (Swain et al. 2017a). Irrigation is crucial for
H. V. Singh (B) Department of Water Resources Development and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India e-mail: [email protected] V. Singh Jain Irrigation Pvt. Ltd., Jalgaon, India e-mail: [email protected] © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 A. Pandey et al. (eds.), Hydrological Extremes, Water Science and Technology Library 97, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59148-9_24
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increasing productivity on the existing cultivable lands. Projected per-hectare irrigation consumption along with lack of available water for agricultural production, anthropogenic consumption, industrial projects and ecological use has intensified its significance (Elliott et al. 2014). There are many methods of practising irrigation, of which, drip irrigation is considered to have the highest application efficiency (Elmaloglou and Diamantopoulos 2007). Drip irrigation is the strongest way of irrigation to conserve the water in the water-scarce areas (Michael 1978). Per drop more crops can be obtained from this method of irrigation and thus, the government agencies of many countries are working on introducing farmers with this method of irrigation (Singh et al. 2006). The geometry of the wetted soil volume under trickle irrigation takes
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