Development of Methods for the Determination of PhACs in Soil/Earthworm/Crop System Irrigated with Reclaimed Water
Pharmaceuticals have been becoming a major concern of environmental pollution since the beginning of the century. The ways in which these contaminants are introduced into the environment are very different, but almost always associated with wastewater. In
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Most Common Extraction Techniques 2.1 Assisted Solvent Extraction (ASE) 2.2 Ultrasound Solvent Extraction (USE) 2.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) 2.4 QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) 2.5 Other Extraction Methods (Soxhlet and Solid-Liquid Extraction) 3 Sample Preparation 4 Extraction Procedures for Pharmaceuticals from Soil 4.1 Assisted Solvent Extraction (ASE) 4.2 Ultrasound Solvent Extraction (USE) 4.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) 4.4 QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) 5 Extraction Procedures for Pharmaceuticals from Plant Tissues 5.1 Assisted Solvent Extraction (ASE) 5.2 Ultrasound Solvent Extraction (USE) 5.3 QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) 5.4 Other Extraction Methods (MAE, Soxhlet, Solid-Liquid Extraction) 6 Clean-Up Procedures 6.1 Commonly Used Sorbents 6.2 New Sorbents
R. Manasfi UMR HydroSciences 5569, HSM, Montpellier University, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France F. Labad and N. Montemurro (*) ENFOCHEM, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain e-mail: [email protected] Sandra Pérez Solsona, Nicola Montemurro, Serge Chiron, and Damià Barceló (eds.), Interaction and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Soil-Crop Systems: The Impact of Reclaimed Wastewater, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_650, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
R. Manasfi et al. 7 Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in Earthworms 7.1 Sampling, Sample Preparation, and Extraction 8 Separation and Detection 9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References
Abstract Pharmaceuticals have been becoming a major concern of environmental pollution since the beginning of the century. The ways in which these contaminants are introduced into the environment are very different, but almost always associated with wastewater. In fact, current wastewater treatment plants are not designed for the removal of pharmaceutical products. Indeed, the problem of water scarcity has played an important role in the introduction of pharmaceutical products into the environment, particularly in the agricultural sector. Because of the drought, more and more countries are resorting to the use of treated wastewater to irrigate vegetables for human consumption. Consequently, the reuse of wastewater in agriculture constitutes a continuous introduction of these molecules into the soil. The effects of this practice are not entirely clear. However, the probability that these compounds can enter the food chain directly is high. In fact, through radical absorption, plants could uptake pharmaceuticals from soil and water, leading to the accumulation of drugs in the tissues. The development of analytical methods of solid matrices such as soil or plant tissues requires substantial work due to the great complexity of the matrices and the differences between the physico-chemical properties of analytes of interest. Several multi-class methods have recently been developed to determine a large number of pharmaceutical produ
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