Development of point following behaviors in shelter dogs
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Development of point following behaviors in shelter dogs Tatjana Jarvis 1 & Nathanial J. Hall 1
# The Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2020
Abstract Pet dogs are known to be responsive to human pointing gestures, but shelter dogs have repeatedly demonstrated poor abilities to follow human pointing, although they can be explicitly trained quickly. This study evaluated the time course in which shelter dogs learn to follow points without explicit training, when given typical interactions with humans. In a longitudinal evaluation, the development of point following was tracked in seven shelter dogs in a training program (enriched human exposure), seven dogs in a traditional shelter (control population), and evaluated once in pet dogs. Twice a week for 6 weeks, shelter dogs’ pointfollowing performance was evaluated in 10 probe trials in which an experimenter pointed to one of two containers equidistant from the dog. To avoid direct training, dogs were given a treat for approaching and touching either container; although correct responses were recorded for touching the pointed-towards container within 30 s. Pet dogs were tested in only one session. All shelter dogs initially showed the expected poor performance. However, enriched shelter dogs receiving enriched human exposure showed significant improvements reaching an identical performance to pet dogs within 7 weeks. In comparison, shelter dogs under standard conditions showed an initial improvement, but performance reached asymptote close to chance levels and lower than that of enriched dogs or pet dogs. Together, these results suggest that enriched experiences with humans, typical of pet dogs, is sufficient for dogs to learn to follow points without explicit training. Keywords Associative learning . Comparative cognition . Discrimination . Generalization . Operant conditioning
Pointing is a form of social referencing and is an important stage in child development (Behne, Carpenter, & Tomasello, 2005; Grassmann & Tomasello, 2010; Hodges, Özçalışkan, & Williamson, 2018; Thoermer & Sodian, 2001). Comparative cognition research over the past 20 years has investigated the development of similar point-following behaviors in humans and nonhuman animals (Call, Hare, & Tomasello, 1998; Hall, Udell, Dorey, Walsh, & Wynne, 2011; Kaminski, Riedel, Call, & Tomasello, 2005; Malassis & Delfour, 2015; Maros, Gácsi, & Miklósi, 2008; Miklósi, Pongrácz, Lakatos, Topál, & Csányi, 2005; Smet & Byrne, 2013; Hall et al., 2011). Such research has focused on domestic dogs, as pet dogs generally perform well on point-following tasks (Lazarowski & Dorman, 2015; Miklósi, Polgárdi, Topál, & Csányi, 1998; Udell, Dorey, & Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-020-00415-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Nathanial J. Hall [email protected] 1
Department of Animal and Food Science, Texas Tech University, 1308 Indiana Ave, Lubbock 79409, USA
Wynne, 2008). Furthermore, initial studies have sugg
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