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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Open Access

Intentional Carbofuran poisoning in 7 dogs Dalma Pivariu1, Adrian-Nechita Oros1, Flaviu Tabaran2* , Adrian Gal3, Cristian Martonos3 and Andras-Laszlo Nagy1

Abstract Background: Carbofuran is a widely used broad-spectrum pesticide that, despite strict regulation and being banned for more than a decade, is still encountered in cases of intentional poisoning in dogs and wildlife. The objective of the study was to provide a complete and detailed description of the pathological, histological and toxicological findings of 7 cases of intentional carbofuran poisoning in dogs. Results: In this retrospective study, 7 cases of carbofuran intoxication recorded from July 2015 to June 2017 were analyzed. Following complete history recording, all cases were examined by complete necropsy and histopathology. Carbofuran intoxication was confirmed in all cases by gas chromatography. The postmortem examination revealed extensive hemorrhaging and congestion located mainly within the respiratory, nervous and cardiovascular systems, accompanied by degeneration and necrosis within the lungs, heart, and kidneys. Conclusions: Although carbamates have been banned in the European Union, carbamate poisoning is still frequently encountered, especially in wild animals. This paper will contribute to a better understanding of the occurrence and pathogenesis of acute carbofuran exposure in dogs and contribute some peculiar pathological features of this type of poisoning to the current literature. Keywords: Carbamates, Furadan, Pathology, Veterinary forensic medicine

Background Carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7 benzofuranyl methyl carbamate) is one of the most frequently encountered carbamates. It was used in agriculture from the 1970s [1] until it was banned on 31.12.2009 in the USA [2] and 05.12.2011 in Romania by the Law of Chemical Substances nr 254. Furadan can still be sourced from several countries, such as Tanzania and Uganda. A recent survey indicated that carbofuran was readily available in approximately 80% of the sampled agro-veterinary supply stores in Uganda [3]. The most commonly marketed carbofurans were furadan, Bay 70,143, Curater, D 1221, Yaltox, Furacarb, and ENT 27164 [4, 5]. Carbofuran is available in granular, liquid and powder formulations [5, 6] and was used in * Correspondence: [email protected] 2 Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania Full list of author information is available at the end of the article

agriculture and forestry as a broad-spectrum systemic insecticide, nematicide and acaricide [3, 7]. Although this substance was banned almost 10 years ago, our cases show that it is still encountered in cases of intentional poisoning. The main objective of this manuscript is to present the gross and histopathological findings of serial cases of carbofuran poisoning in dogs and the results of toxicological screening by GS-MS/MS of samples collected from deceased anima