Diagnosis of thyroid nodules for ultrasonographic characteristics indicative of malignancy using random forest
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RESEARCH
Open Access
Diagnosis of thyroid nodules for ultrasonographic characteristics indicative of malignancy using random forest Dan Chen1 , Jun Hu1,3* *Correspondence: [email protected] † Mei Zhu and Niansheng Tang contributed equally to this work. 1 Yunnan Key Laboratory of Statistical Modeling and Data Analysis, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, China 3 College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201 Kunming, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
, Mei Zhu2† , Niansheng Tang1† , Yang Yang2 and Yuran Feng2
Abstract Background: Various combinations of ultrasonographic (US) characteristics are increasingly utilized to classify thyroid nodules. But they lack theories, and heavily depend on radiologists’ experience, and cannot correctly classify thyroid nodules. Hence, our main purpose of this manuscript is to select the US characteristics significantly associated with malignancy and to develop an efficient scoring system for facilitating ultrasonic clinicians to correctly identify thyroid malignancy. Methods: A logistic regression (LR) model is utilized to identify the potential thyroid malignancy, and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method is adopted to simultaneously select US characteristics significantly associated with malignancy and estimate parameters in LR model. Based on the selected US characteristics, we calculate the probability for each of thyroid nodules via random forest (RF) and extreme learning machine (ELM), and develop a scoring system to classify thyroid nodules. For comparison, we also consider eight state-of-the-art methods such as support vector machine (SVM), neural network (NET), etc. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) is employed to measure the accuracy of various classifiers. Results: The US characteristics: nodule size, AP/T ≥ 1, solid component, micro-calcifications, hackly border, hypoechogenicity, presence of halo, unclear border, irregular margin, and central vascularity are selected as the significant predictors associated with thyroid malignancy via the LASSO LR (LLR). Using the developed scoring system, thyroid nodules are classified into the following four categories: (Continued on next page)
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