Dietary Estimated Intake of Trace Elements: Risk Assessment in an Italian Population
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Dietary Estimated Intake of Trace Elements: Risk Assessment in an Italian Population Tommaso Filippini1 · Stefano Tancredi1 · Carlotta Malagoli1 · Marcella Malavolti1 · Annalisa Bargellini1 · Luciano Vescovi1 · Fausto Nicolini2 · Marco Vinceti1,3 Received: 23 August 2019 / Revised: 14 September 2019 / Accepted: 21 September 2019 © The Author(s) 2019
Abstract Dietary intake to trace elements may represent the most relevant source of exposure for the general, non-occupationally population, but some of them have been rarely evaluated. We measured content of fifteen trace elements (antimony, barium, beryllium, boron, cobalt, lithium, molybdenum, nickel, silver, strontium, tellurium, thallium, titanium, uranium, and vanadium) in 908 food and beverage samples through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We estimated their dietary intake using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire collected from a population of the Emilia-Romagna Region in Northern Italy. We compared our estimates with tolerable upper intake levels reported by international agencies and we assessed the non-carcinogenic risk through calculation of total hazard quotient for each trace element according to the US-EPA approach. Overall, estimates of their dietary intake were substantially similar to those reported from other countries, and they fell below the tolerable upper intake levels provided by international agencies. The total hazard quotient for each trace element was below 1. Our findings provide updated estimates of food levels and dietary intake of trace elements far frequently evaluated in a sample of Italian adult consumers. They also suggest that any non-carcinogenic risk associated with intake of investigated trace elements may be ruled out in our population. Keywords Trace elements · Dietary intake · Food contamination · Food safety · Risk assessment
Introduction A comprehensive assessment of dietary intake of chemical contaminants is needed to evaluate the long-term risk for public health and food risk assessment (European Food Safety Authority 2006; US-EPA; WHO 1996), considering that diet represents the most relevant source of majority of Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00324-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Tommaso Filippini [email protected] 1
Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
2
Local Health Authority, Reggio Emilia, Italy
3
Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
trace elements for non-occupationally exposed populations (Reilly 2002). In order to assess the possible health risk to the consumers, it seems necessary to evaluate trace element content in foods and beverages that are consumed by the genera
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